精準性運動技能神經回饋訓練之系統性文獻回顧

The role of neurofeedback training in precision sport skills performance: A systematic review

本系統性文獻回顧旨在探討神經回饋訓練（neurofeedback training，NFT）提升精準性運動技能表現的應用與效果，由於現有文獻涵蓋廣泛運動類型，難以針對精準性運動技能進行深入分析，本研究聚焦於高度依賴精細動作控制與心理狀態的運動技能。檢索PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science等數據庫，納入2025年1月前發表之實證性研究。納入標準包括：研究對象為健康成人（18-64歲）；介入措施為腦電圖（electroencephalography，EEG）神經回饋訓練；設有對照組；運動表現為精準性運動技能。初步檢索獲得1866篇文章，最終納入17篇實證性研究進行分析。研究涵蓋射箭、射擊、高爾夫推桿、籃球罰球等運動項目，NFT訓練目標腦波頻段包括SMR（12-15 Hz）、Mu節律（8-13Hz）、Alpha波（8-12 Hz）、與Theta波（4-7 Hz），訓練次數介於1至24次不等。結果顯示，不同腦波頻段的NFT可能對精準性運動技能表現產生不同影響，單次與長期NFT在效果與持久性上亦有所差異，研究亦提及多數研究採用單一腦波指標進行訓練，少數探討多指標聯合訓練，控制組設計的差異與受試者專業程度亦可能影響NFT效果。本文綜合分析NFT對精準性運動技能研究的現況、方法學特點與局限性，並提出未來研究方向，包括提升實驗設計嚴謹性、進行長期追蹤研究、深入探討神經機制，以及考量運動員專業程度與控制組設計對結果的影響，期望為未來研究與實踐提供更精確且具價值的參考。

This systematic review aims to investigate the application and efficacy of neurofeedback training (NFT) in enhancing performance in precision motor skills. While the existing body of literature covers a wide range of sports, the lack of specificity in previous reviews makes it challenging to conduct in-depth evaluations targeting precision-based motor tasks. Therefore, this review specifically focuses on sports and activities that demand a high degree of fine motor control and are influenced by athletes’psychological states. A comprehensive search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, encompassing empirical studies published prior to January 2025. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) participants were healthy adults aged 18 to 64 years; (2) the intervention involved electroencephalography (EEG)-based neurofeedback training; (3) a control group was included in the experimental design; and (4) performance outcomes specifically related to precision motor skills were assessed. From an initial pool of 1,866 records, 17 empirical studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final analysis. The reviewed studies investigated archery, shooting, golf putting, and free throw with NFT targeting Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR, 12-15 Hz), Mu rhythm (8-13 Hz), Alpha (8-12 Hz), Frontal Midline Theta (FMT, 4-7 Hz) across 1 to 24 training sessions. Results indicate that NFT may exert differential effects on precision motor performance depending on the targeted brainwave frequency and training duration. Single-session and long-term training protocols also varied in terms of immediate effectiveness and retention. While most studies employed single-frequency training approaches, a few explored multi-frequency or combined-index protocols. Additionally, variations in control group designs and participant skill levels were noted as potential moderators of training outcomes. This review synthesizes the current state of NFT research in precision motor skills, highlighting methodological features and limitations. It further outlines future research directions, including improving experimental rigor, conducting long-term follow-up studies, and deepening the understanding of underlying neural mechanisms. These insights aim to inform future research and support the effective integration of NFT into precision skill training practices.