挑戰企業工會主義──桃園市產業總工會的個案研究

Challenging Enterprise Unionism: A Case Study on the Taoyuan City Confederation of Trade Unions

本文為桃園市產業總工會的個案研究，旨在探究2010年代臺灣自主工運復甦的過程與原因。借鑒東亞研究裡的企業工會理論，本文分析從永華機械、亞洲化學的勞資爭議，到華潔洗滌、華航、長榮這一系列罷工事件背後，產業總工會在地方上推動的政策。從中指出工會議價能力的增強，來自該會對企業工會體制的挑戰。這涉及臺灣自主工會運作型態的兩次策略轉移。
首先，在「沒有強的基層工會，只有強的聯合組織」的策略運用下，勞工有系統地將基層的資源向上轉移到聯合組織，使得企業工會體制下勞方被企業邊界給分隔的總體資源，初步分享到跨企業互助的用途上。聯合辦公制度與輔導員制度的發展，讓產業總工會成為自主工會傳統的集散中心。其次，2011年《工會法》修法後，開放受僱者組織產、職業工會，「企工堡壘，產工長城」的策略遂由產業總工會居中協調產、職、企業工會三者的協同運作。多重工會主義的協同戰略描繪了修法後集體勞資關係的新地景：勞工以產、職業工會跨企業的資源庫作為後援，開始以產業為範圍，對資方競逐個別企業工會的控制權。
產業關係研究指出企業工會的破碎構造，導致團體協商中的協調問題，造成勞方議價能力低落。面對此一困難，臺灣勞工卻藉由基層選舉，使企業工會、跨企業工會、產業總工會獲得重疊的幹部群體，從而協調不同型態工會的運作。這使1980年代以降「工會自主化」的方法，有了跨企業運作的新模型。相較於南韓工運直接將企業工會改組成產業工會，臺灣結合不同工會類型的做法也顯得更有彈性。

This paper is a case study on the Taoyuan City Confederation of Trade Unions (TYCTU), investigating the causes behind Taiwan’s resurrection of labour movements in the 2010s. Drawing on theories of enterprise unionism from East Asian studies, I analyse TYCTU's policies that facilitated the strikes at China Pacific Laundry, China Airlines, and Eva Airlines, arguing that the increased bargaining power among local unions stemmed from TYCTU's relentless challenge towards enterprise unionism. This involves two paradigmatic shifts in Taiwan’s modes of union operation.
First, the strategy of“a strong federation instead of a strong grassroots union”reshaped the relationship between grassroots enterprise unions and the industrial confederation. Workers systematically transferred resources from being segregated within enterprise boundaries to the use of inter-enterprise mutual support. The development of the“united office system”and the“councillor system”turned TYCTU into a local distribution centre for unionism. Second, after Taiwan’s 2011 amendment of the Labour Union Act, the strategy of“enterprise unions as bastions, industrial unions as the great wall”rendered TYCTU coordinating among industrial unionism, craft unionism and enterprise unionism. The strategy of multiple unionism outlines the new landscape of Taiwan’s industrial relations: back by the resource pool of supra-enterprise unions, workers have begun to compete against management for control over enterprise unions across the scope of the industry.
Utilizing theories of enterprise unionism to analyze the aforementioned experiences allows for a new supra-enterprise model in Taiwan’s paradigm of“union autonomization”since the 1980s. It also addresses the gap in traditional state corporatism research, which focused on political dominance over trade unions by the party-state, while lacking discussion on labor dominance by management at the enterprise level.