辨名物：《周禮》的「物」義內涵及禮制倫序之建構

Distinguishing between Names and Things: The Conception of Things and the Establishment of Ritual Order in the Zhouli

《周禮》中「物」義有多層次的豐富積澱，有原始宗教脈絡下的物、物魅的遺留，有禮儀脈絡中的名物、器物，有職官脈絡下用以利用厚生的財物，有教化脈絡下的五物、鄉三物。《周禮》由辨名物，建構職官制度以及祭祀、貢賦、賞罰、教化系統，也由辨名物展現禮制、政事及人倫之秩序。本文先對《周禮》頻繁出現的「辨名物」進行說明，並分別由祭祀、職官、禮制、教化等脈絡分析，說明其中豐富的物觀。本文也在辨名物所帶出的形名、名實論中，說明《周禮》如何以辨名物為基礎，實現「體國經野」、「建保邦國」的理想。最後，將「辨名物」置於先秦時期正名、形名、名實論的文化背景中，思考「名物」於禮儀、政治、教化上的重要意義。

The meaning of“things”in the Zhouli (周禮, the Rites of Zhou) is multi-layered and rich. The Zhouli uses the identification of names and things to construct the official administration as well as the systems of sacrifice, tribute, rewards and punishments, and education. It also uses the identification of names and things to shed light on the way of heaven, political affairs, and human ethics. This article first explains the distinctions regarding names and things that appear frequently in the Zhouli, and analyzes them from the context of sacrifices, official positions, etiquette, education, etc., to illustrate the text’s rich view of things. This article also describes the theory of form, name, and reality brought about by the identification of names and things, how the Zhouli uses the distinctions of names and things as the basis for realizing the ideals of“consolidating and managing the country,”and“building and protecting the country.”Finally, the article situates distinguishing between names and things against the cultural background of name rectification, form and name, and the theory of name and reality in the pre-Qin period, and considers the significance of“names and things”in etiquette, politics, and education.