隱形的美援順風車：冷戰時期台越、日越的美援採購政策與水泥貿易（1950-1969）

An Invisible U.S. Aid The Offshore Procurement Policy for Market Share Change of Taiwan Cement and Japan Cement in South Vietnam (1955-1969)

長年以來，研究1950年代晚期影響台灣水泥出口因素的論著，多半認為受水泥生產過剩，以及業界內部技術革新等內在因素所驅動。但本文透過檔案文獻之爬梳，以及從生產成本、出口價格等數據之分析，認為至少到1960年代中期以前台灣水泥出口成本仍嫌偏高，無法完全凌駕鄰近最大競爭對手的日本。真正促成台灣水泥大量出口者，乃為1960年底美國政府為避免貿易赤字擴大，宣布美援採購地區排除日本在內19國之後，台灣水泥才因上述政策之轉變，取代日本成為越南最大水泥進口來源。此後台灣水泥在1960年代，利用美援採購政策的保護，在越南市場形成獨佔地位，並利用越南市場累積之利潤改良生產技術、擴大生產規模，從而成為在東南亞、中東市場與日本競爭之強力對手。

For many years, most post-war studies on the development of the Taiwanese cement industry have suggested that Taiwan’s ability to export cement in the late 1950’s was driven primarily by internal factors. These include overproduction and technical innovations within the industry. This article, referencing data analysis based on export and production costs, however, argues that the Taiwanese cement industry had no international competition until the mid-1960s, as opposed to the Japanese cement industry. Driven by the US government’s efforts to avoid increased trade deficits in the late 1960s, and subsequent changes to the international aid policy, Taiwan was able to massively export cement. Taiwan thus replaced Japan as the largest importer of concrete in South Vietnam. Subsequently, Taiwanese cement was able to take advantage of these protections, and establish a monopoly in the Vietnamese market in the 1960s.