從宣傳模式到國家安全電影：好萊塢、國防體制與跨國宣傳的文化政治

From the Propaganda Model to National Security Cinema: Hollywood, the National Security State, and the Cultural Politics of Transnational Propaganda

本研究以Chomsky與Herman（1988）提出的「宣傳模式」（Propaganda Model，PM）為理論基礎，探討好萊塢影視產業如何在軍事體制與全球資本的交織下，形成一種「影像治理」（image governance）的權力機制。研究首先回顧PM模式的五道過濾器，並納入近年學者的修正與延伸。其次，本文以Matthew Alford的「好萊塢宣傳模式」與「銀幕娛樂宣傳模式」為核心，分析美國國防部與好萊塢之間的制度合作、敘事再現與意識形態運作，揭示軍事—產業—娛樂複合體如何透過影像生產再現國家安全意識形態。進一步地，本文引入「國家安全電影」（national security cinema）的研究脈絡，指出好萊塢的影像體系已演化為國家安全國家的文化基礎設施。PM模式或能轉化為分析「全球影像治理」的思考出發點，以回應新時代的全球電影產業生態。

This study adopts Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman’s Propaganda Model (PM, 1988) as its theoretical foundation to examine how Hollywood’s film industry, situated at the intersection of military institutions and global capital, constitutes a system of image governance. The research first reviews the five filters of the PM and incorporates recent scholarly revisions and extensions of the model. Building on Matthew Alford’s Hollywood Propaganda Model and Screen Entertainment Propaganda Model, this paper analyzes the institutional collaboration, narrative representation, and ideological operations between the U.S. Department of Defense and Hollywood, revealing how the military–industrial–entertainment complex reproduces the ideology of national security through visual production. Furthermore, by engaging with the analytical framework of National Security Cinema, this study argues that Hollywood’s visual system has evolved into a cultural infrastructure of the U.S. national security state. The PM, therefore, can be reconceptualized as a theoretical foundation for analyzing global image governance, responding to the new ecology of the global film industry in the twenty-first century.