歐洲中世紀聚落與防禦性工事之系統性文獻回顧

Systematic Literature Review on Medieval Settlements and Fortifications in Europe

中世紀防禦性工事是歐洲重要的文化遺產景觀之一。目前研究較多關注城堡與堡壘單體防禦性工事，群落防禦工事較少被研究。本文旨在對中世紀聚落與防禦性工事進行全面、系統性回顧，並採用Web of Science（WOS）、ProQuest與Academic Search Complete（EBSCOhost）等資料庫搜尋，統合分析聚落與防禦性工事的定義、分類與研究現狀。研究結果：首先，防禦性工事名稱衆多，且軍事聚落與要塞功能是變化的。其次，防禦性工事研究集中在城堡與堡壘領域，從建築物、考古遺址以非入侵式數據收集與量化分析。最後，群落防禦工事研究主要涉及：（1）土地利用與景觀變化；（2）社會制度與文化；（3）聚落形態與防禦性設施；（4）聚落保存與修復利用等主題。本文認爲聚落與防禦性工事營造體現了人類應對脆弱環境的適應性與防禦智慧。因此，期許未來以跨領域、跨場域混合研究方式從社區資本與韌性視角探討聚落與防禦性工事的發展，以此給其他地區同類型的防禦性聚落研究借鑒。

Medieval fortifications represent a significant cultural heritage landscape in Europe. Current research has primarily focused on individual fortifications such as castles and fortress, with fewer studies conducted on community fortifications. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a thorough and systematic review of medieval settlements and fortifications, analyzing their definition, classification, and research status using databases such as Web of Science, ProQuest, and Academic Search Complete（EBSCOhost）. The findings reveal that fortifications have multiple names and that the functions of military settlements and fortresses are variable. The research on fortifications primarily focuses on castles and fortress, utilizing non-invasive data collection and quantitative analysis from buildings and archaeological sites. Additionally, research on community settlements and fortifications includes topics such as land use and landscape changes, social systems and culture, settlement morphology and fortified facilities, and settlement preservation, restoration, and utilization. This paper argues that settlements and fortifications demonstrate human adaptability and defensive wisdom in fragile environments. Future research should explore the community capital and resilience of settlements and fortifications using a cross-disciplinary and cross-site mixed research method to deepen understanding of cultural heritage in this field.