乾隆朝《職貢圖》的西域成員構成與西征準噶爾後的西域表述

The Composition of Western Regional Entries in the Qianlong Court’s Illustrations of Tributary Peoples and the Representation of the Western Regions after the Conquest of the Dzungars

本文以乾隆朝《職貢圖》卷一為核心，考察其中西域成員的構成與排序，尤其關注伊犁厄魯特群組與回部諸城的關鍵地位，並探討原應歸入八旗、藩部而非傳統職貢範圍的成員如何被納入職貢圖像體系。研究結合《職貢圖》、《平定西域獻俘禮圖》、《萬國來朝圖》與乾隆年間所修《大清一統志》、《御製增訂清文鑑．旗分佐領類》及相關西域輿圖、滿文文獻等材料，透過圖像與文字的對讀，追索西域戰爭後清廷在知識編纂與疆域整合上的操作。本文指出，《職貢圖》卷一所呈現的伊犁厄魯特與回部各城，實際上被收錄於《御製增訂清文鑑》中，成為「平定準噶爾厄魯特」、「平定回子」等條目，顯示其身分已從外國、朝貢國改列為帝國旗屬、藩部，然而在視覺文本的編排上，卻仍被刻意安置於職貢序列之中。這種「越界」編排，使《職貢圖》既延續職貢圖像傳統，又成為書寫平定準噶爾與整併西域的重要歷史文本，標誌清帝國的「西域∕內亞轉向」。透過放大伊犁群組與西域諸城在圖像中的分量，準噶爾汗國作為獨立政權與歷史主體被抹消，只能以被內化的旗分與藩部之姿，納入「中國」疆域與帝國記憶之中。

Focusing on the first fascicle of the Qianlong court’s Illustrations of Tributary Peoples職貢圖, the present article examines the composition and ordering of entries concerning the Western Regions, particularly the pivotal position occupied by the Ili Oirat peoples and the Muslim cities of Huibu回部, exploring how certain groups, which should in principle have been classified under the Eight Banners or the Qing dynasty Fanbu藩部, the empire’s Inner Asian dependencies, rather than tributary polities, were incorporated into the visual system of tributary representation. By cross-referencing the Illustrations of Tributary Peoples with other visual and textual materials, including court-produced materials, related maps of the Western Regions, and Manchu-language documents, the Qing’s reorganization of knowledge and territorial order in the aftermath of campaigns in the Western Regions is traced. This article argues that the presented Ili Oirat and Muslim cities had already become entries in the Imperially Revised and Enlarged Mirror of the Manchu Language御製增訂清文鑑under“Pacification of the Dzungar Oirats”平定準噶爾厄魯特and“Pacification of the Muslims”平定回子, thereby indicating that their status had shifted from foreign or tributary polities to banner-affiliated and frontier-dependent subjects of the empire despite continuing to be arranged within the former. This“transgressive”form of compilation allowed the Illustrations of Tributary Peoples both to continue the tradition of tributary imagery and to document the pacification of the Dzungar peoples and the consolidation of the Western Regions, marking a“Western Regions/Inner Asian turn”in Qing imperial representation. By magnifying the visual prominence of these groups and cities, the Dzungar Khanate was effectively erased as an independent political entity and historical subject, surviving only as internalized banner divisions and Fanbu categories within the territorial imagination of“China”and imperial memory.