數字平台權力行使的正當程序研究

如何規範平台經濟健康有序發展是重要的時代命題。面對數字平台巨大的事實權力，僅為其設置實體義務不足以保護平台用戶的基本權利，正當程序原則於此具有適用空間。平台的事實權力在規範層面或歸入行政法上的第三方義務，或歸入私法上的用戶協議和安保義務。在前一種情形下，平台履行第三方義務是行政機關進行利害調整的環節之一，受到基本權利的直接拘束。利害調整的不同環節均需適用完整的正當程序原則，不同利害調整環節下的具體程序規則存在差異。在後一種情形下，程序規則根據利益分布狀態進行個案調適。在平台為一方當事人的雙邊關係中，程序設置需要對稱衡量平台與用戶的基本權利，通過特定程序化解基本權利衝突；在平台居中處理用戶糾紛的三邊關係中，程序設置以平等對待為核心。

Regulating the healthy and orderly development of the platform economy is a significant issue of our time. Given the immense de facto power held by digital platforms, merely imposing substantive obligations is insufficient to safeguard the fundamental rights of platform users; consequently, the principle of due process serves as a necessary mechanism in this domain. At the normative level, the de facto power of platforms is classified either as third-party obligations under administrative law or as user agreements and security obligations under private law. In the former scenario, a platform’s performance of third-party obligations constitutes a stage in the administrative adjustment of interests and is directly constrained by fundamental rights. Each stage of this adjustment process requires the full application of the due process principle, with specific procedural rules varying depending on the nature of the stage. In the latter scenario, procedural rules are adjusted on a case-by-case basis according to the distribution of interests. In bilateral relationships where the platform is a direct party, procedural design must symmetrically weigh the fundamental rights of both the platform and the user, resolving conflicts through tailored procedures. In tripartite relationships where the platform acts as an intermediary in user disputes, the procedural framework centers on the principle of equal treatment.