著作權侵權平臺責任的關鍵問題及其化解：過錯認定與必要措施

區分直接侵權與間接侵權以及平臺不負有審查用戶上傳的內容是否侵犯著作權的義務，是平臺責任的兩塊基石。平臺“知道或者應當知道”的對象是具體的侵權內容，而不是平臺中存在許多侵權內容的狀態。技術性手段的作用是識別和推測用戶上傳的內容與權利人作品的相似度，而不是判斷其是否侵權。以平臺概括性地知道存在侵權內容為由，將平臺使用過濾技術並達到攔截或清除絕大多數侵權內容的效果設定為“必要措施”，勢必動搖平臺責任的兩塊基石，並不可取。司法保護應促進權利人群體與平臺方的合作，充分發揮“通知與移除”機制的功效，由平臺採用經濟上合理、技術上可行、能夠基本準確定位侵權內容的技術手段，減少侵權內容的傳播。

Distinguishing between direct and indirect infringement, and acknowledging that network platforms are not obligated to monitor user-uploaded contents for copyright infringement, constitute the two cornerstones of platform liability. The object of platform's“know or should know”is specific infringing content, rather than the general state of widespread infringement on a platform. The function of technical measures is to identify and estimate the similarity between user-uploaded content and the rightsowner's work, not to determine infringement. It is inadvisable to define“necessary measures”that should be taken by platforms as the implementation of filtering technologies that achieve the blocking or removal of the most infringing content based on a platform's general knowledge of infringement, as this would undermine the two cornerstones of platform liability. Judicial protection should foster cooperation between right owners and platforms by fully playing to the advantage of the“notice and takedown”mechanism and encouraging platforms to employ technically feasible and economically reasonable measures that can accurately target infringing content to curb its dissemination.