殖民擴張導向下的「滿洲」行政統一問題——以首任關東都督大島義昌時期為中心（1905-1912）

The Question of Administrative Unification in“Manchuria”under the Imperative of Colonial Expansion: Focusing on the Tenure of Oshima Yoshimasa, the First Governor-General of Kwantung (1905–1912)

日俄戰爭之後，為了鞏固通過《朴茨茅斯條約》獲得的關東州及滿鐵附屬地的戰果，日本創設了關東都督府和南滿鐵道株式會社（以下簡稱滿鐵），並且在「滿洲」開放地也設立了外務省的在外公館。由於這三大機關在執行日本對「滿洲」政策過程中存在諸多分歧，出現了「滿洲三頭政治」問題。長州出身的首任關東都督大島義昌在任期間繼承並發展了後藤新平關於「滿洲」經營機關一體化構想，通過將「滿洲」地區的警察權和外交交涉權統一于關東都督府等舉措，推動了「滿洲」行政的統一。正是由於「滿洲」行政逐漸統一于關東都督府，大島義昌等「長州閥」主導的陸軍對明治末期國策決策的影響力逐步加強。

Following the Russo-Japanese War, Japan established the Office of the Governor-General of Kwantung and the South Manchuria Railway Company (hereafter, SMR) to consolidate the gains in the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Manchuria Railway Zone acquired under the Treaty of Portsmouth. The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs also established consular offices in the open cities of“Manchuria.”However, substantial disagreements arose among these three major institutions over the implementation of Japan’s policy toward“Manchuria,”giving rise to what became known as the problem of the“tripartite administration of Manchuria.”During his tenure, Oshima Yoshimasa, a native of Choshu and the first Governor-General of Kwantung, inherited and further developed Goto Shinpei’s vision of integrating the institutions responsible for administering“Manchuria.”Through measures such as concentrating police authority and the power to conduct diplomatic negotiations in the Office of the Governor-General of Kwantung, he promoted the administrative unification of“Manchuria.”As administrative authority over“Manchuria”was gradually consolidated under the Office of the Governor-General of Kwantung, the Japanese Army, dominated by Oshima Yoshimasa and other members of the“Choshu clique,”steadily increased its influence over national policy-making in the final years of the Meiji period.