重思深層生態學：閱讀布蘭迪．瑪杜格的《鹽風》中的深意

Rethinking Deep Ecology through Reading Kaona in Brandy Nālani McDougall’s The Salt-Wind: Ka Makani Paʻakai

深層生態學由阿恩．內斯（Arne Naess）於1973年提出，強調所有生命體皆具有內在價值，倡議一種整體論且生態中心的視角，並推動轉化性環境倫理與實踐環境行動。本文透過閱讀布蘭迪．瑪杜格的《鹽風》中的kaona（夏威夷文學手法，可譯為「隱含意義」或「深意」），以夏威夷原住民世界觀重新審視深層生態學。深層生態學將人視為環境整體的部分以激起環保行動，然而，瑪杜格的詩作揭示了夏威夷原住民與大地母親、天空父親及所有物種間更深的血緣關係。儘管二者看似相仿，本文認為瑪杜格的詩作使我們審視夏威夷原住民與土地的深層關係如何受到（新）殖民主義的威脅。本文首先探討kaona與夏威夷原住民環境意識的關係。接著論述瑪杜格如何利用kaona傳達夏威夷原住民環境意識。詩中引用的歷史／故事展示了夏威夷原住民與土地之間的血緣關係，即土地之愛和土地照顧之根基。藉由於夏威夷殖民歷史脈絡中探討夏威夷原住民與其他物種間的血緣關係，本文重新思考深層生態學，並主張環境論述亦需檢視（新）殖民主義。本文亦視kaona為夏威夷原住民韌性的體現，展現他們於（新）殖民脈絡中與土地創造性的連結與血脈的記憶／重建。

Proposed by Arne Naess in 1973, Deep Ecology emphasizes the intrinsic value of all living beings, advances a holistic and ecocentric perspective, and advocates a transformative approach to environmental ethics and activism. This essay revisits Deep Ecology through Native Hawaiian worldviews by examining kaona (a traditional Hawaiian literary device often understood as hidden meanings) in Brandy Nālani McDougall’s poems in The Salt-Wind: Ka Makani Paʻakai. While deep ecologists advocate perceiving ourselves as part of the Earth to inspire protective action, McDougall’s work reveals a deeper genealogical link of Native Hawaiians to Papa (Earth Mother), Wākea (Sky Father), and all other-than-human beings. Though these perspectives may seem similar, this essay argues that McDougall’s poems compel us to examine how Native Hawaiians’relationship with theʻāina (land) is threatened by (neo)colonialism. This essay first explores the relationships among kaona, Native Hawaiian environmental consciousness, and land ethics. It then investigates how McDougall employs kaona to convey Native Hawaiian environmental consciousness. The moʻolelo (hi/story) referenced in the poems illustrate the genealogical link between Native Hawaiians and theʻāina, which is the source of aloha‘āina (love for the land) and mālamaʻāina (care for the land). This essay rethinks Deep Ecology by exploring the genealogical connection between Native Hawaiians and other-than-human beings within the context of Hawaiian colonial history. Additionally, it interprets kaona as a manifestation of Native Hawaiians’resilience, demonstrated in their creative reconnection with theʻāina and the (re)membering of genealogy in the face of (neo)colonialism.