石黑一雄雙重時間敘事小說中的時空體英雄作為非展演性主體：以《被埋葬的記憶》、《長日將盡》與《我輩孤雛》為例

Chronotopic Heroes as Non-Performative Subjects in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Double-Timed Novels: The Buried Giant, The Remains of the Day, and When We Were Orphans

本研究旨在揭示石黑一雄（Kazuo Ishiguro）著作《被埋葬的記憶》（The Buried Giant, 2015）、《長日將盡》（The Remains of the Day, 1989），及《我輩孤雛》（When We Were Orphans, 2000）中，具備非展演性（non-performative）特質的時空體（chronotopic）英雄。在這些小說中，亞瑟王傳奇、鄉間莊園小說，以及戰間期偵探小說的時空體，與這些文類所處的實際歷史時空體並置，藉此削弱這些文類在意識形態上鞏固英國國家認同的功能。《被埋葬的記憶》主要刻劃一位典型的英格蘭英雄——一名在國家認同鞏固的過程中，未能成為展演性主體（performative subject）的騎士。敘事進而向前凸顯了英格蘭國家認同的建構性（constructedness），和亞瑟王傳奇時空體中所想像的英格蘭性（Englishness），及其在當代想像之間的巨大鴻溝。石黑一雄的其它小說《長日將盡》與《我輩孤雛》亦遵循相似的路徑：將鄉間莊園小說與戰間期偵探小說的時空體，和實際的歷史時空體、非展演性之英格蘭英雄的再現（分別為管家與偵探）並置，而從這兩位英雄的幻滅，展現出英格蘭性的建構本質。除了參照巴巴（Homi Bhabha）關於鞏固國家概念的展演模式（performative mode）框架後，而得出之非展演性英雄外，石黑一雄小說中傳統文類的失能，也引導讀者重新審視當代英格蘭國家認同被想像的方式。

This study aims to reveal non-performative chronotopic heroes in Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Buried Giant (2015), The Remains of the Day (1989), and When We Were Orphans (2000). In these novels, the chronotopes of the Arthurian romance, the country house novel, and interwar detective fiction are juxtaposed with the actual historical chronotopes of these genres to undermine the genres’ideological function of consolidating British national identity. The Buried Giant features a quintessentially English hero, a knight who fails to be a performative subject in the process of national identity consolidation. The narrative thereby foregrounds the constructedness of English national identity and the great gap between how Englishness was imagined in the chronotope of the Arthurian romance and how it is imagined in contemporary times. Other Ishiguro novels, The Remains of the Day and When We Were Orphans, follow a similar trajectory by juxtaposing the chronotopes of the country house novel and interwar detective fiction with the actual historical chronotopes and representations of nonperformative English heroes: a butler and a detective, who, with their disillusionment, serve to display the constructed nature of Englishness. In addition to non-performative heroes, who fail to be performative when considered within the framework of Homi Bhabha’s performative mode in consolidating the idea of nation, the dysfunctionality of the genres in Ishiguro’s novels leads to a reconsideration of the way English national identity is imagined now.