《歷朝憲章類誌》抄本中的避諱現象及其文獻學意義

Taboo Characters in Manuscript Copies of LỊCH TRIỀU HIẾN CHƯƠNG LOẠI CHÍand their Philological Significance

《歷朝憲章類誌》為潘輝注所撰之越南重要典章制度史著，自阮朝以來流傳廣泛，現存抄本二十餘種，分藏於越南、日本及法國等地。本文首先梳理現存《歷朝憲章類誌》諸版本之收藏與流傳情況，在此基礎上，以日本東洋文庫藏本、越南漢喃研究院藏本及法國亞洲學會藏本為主要研究對象，運用版本學、文獻學及避諱學研究方法，系統考察其署名形式、避諱用字及傳抄特徵。
研究發現，各版本在卷冊結構、作者署名及避諱形式上均存在不同程度之差異。其中，「潘輝注」與「潘輝浩」兩種署名並存，部分卷冊甚至未署作者姓名，反映文本在流傳過程中曾歷經補抄、重編與再整理。避諱用字方面，書中可見改字、拆字與缺筆等多種形式，尤以「時」、「宗」、「實」、「華」等字最具代表性。然而，相同避諱字在不同卷冊乃至同一卷冊內部往往呈現不同處理方式，顯示抄手來源、抄錄時期及底本系統可能存在差異。
本文認為，避諱現象不僅可作為抄本斷代的重要依據，亦是探討《歷朝憲章類誌》版本源流、文本層次及傳抄系統的重要內證。透過不同版本之比較研究，可進一步揭示該書複雜的流傳歷史與文本形成過程，並為越南漢籍文獻學及阮朝避諱制度研究提供新的材料與視角。

Lịch Triều Hiến Chương Loại Chí, compiled by Phan Huy Chú, is a major work on Vietnamese institutional history. Widely circulated since the Nguyễn dynasty, it survives in over twenty manuscript copies held in Vietnam, Japan, France, and elsewhere. This article first surveys the collection and transmission history of extant manuscripts of Lịch Triều Hiến Chương Loại Chí. On this basis, focusing primarily on the copies held by the Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library) in Japan, the Institute of Hán Nôm Studies in Vietnam, and the SociétéAsiatique in France, it systematically examines authorship signatures, taboo characters, and scribal characteristics using methods from codicology, philology, and the study of naming taboos.
The study finds that the various copies differ to varying degrees in fascicle structure, author attribution, and forms of naming taboos. Notably, two attributions—''Phan Huy Chú'' and ''Phan Huy Hiệu''—appear side by side, and some fascicles bear no author attribution at all, reflecting that the text underwent supplementary copying, recompilation, and reorganization during its transmission. In terms of taboo characters, multiple forms appear, including character substitution, character decomposition, and stroke omission, with characters such as thời (時), tông (宗), thực (實), and hoa (華) being particularly representative. However, the same taboo characters are often treated differently across fascicles and even within the same fascicle, suggesting differences in scribal origin, transcription period, and exemplar systems.
This article argues that the phenomenon of naming taboos not only serves as an important basis for dating manuscripts but also provides crucial internal evidence for exploring the textual genealogy, stratification, and scribal transmission system of Lịch Triều Hiến Chương Loại Chí. A comparative study of different copies can further reveal the complex history of the book's transmission and its process of textual formation, while also offering new materials and perspectives for the study of Vietnamese Chinese-character texts and the naming taboo system of the Nguyễn dynasty.