信息科技企業技術型參與偵查的程序風險及其規制

憑藉海量數據資源與專業技術優勢，信息科技企業參與偵查已成為司法實踐中的常態。相較提供數據資源，企業技術型參與偵查的樣態更為複雜，深刻影響著偵查權力運行機制乃至偵查構造，由此引發的風險和隱患也更為顯著。根據不同動因，企業技術型參與偵查可分為被動與主動兩種模式，其適用於不同實踐場景，具體參與形式和特徵亦存在較大差異，因此需要分別予以考察。通過實踐檢視可以看到，囿於適法性不足，企業參與在提升偵查質效的同時也在一定程度上悖離了偵查的程序價值，表現在數字有罪與無罪推定、過度參與與比例原則、數字鴻溝與權利保障這三對衝突當中。為了在法治框架內最大限度地發揮警企合作效益，重塑數字時代的正當程序，應遵循“理念確立—權力限制—權利保障”的邏輯應對上述風險。具體而言，要在明確數字時代無罪推定原則的基礎上，細化企業技術型參與偵查的比例原則，優化權力控制規則，並重點加強對被追訴方的數字權利關照。

Leveraging vast data resources and professional technical advantages, information technology enterprises have made their participation in investigative activities a norm in judicial practice. Compared to merely providing data resources, technical participation is more complex; it profoundly influences the operational mechanisms of investigative power as well as investigative structures, and the associated risks and potential hazards are correspondingly more significant. Driven by distinct motivations, enterprise technical participation can be categorized into passive model and active model. These two modes are applicable to different practical scenarios, exhibit substantial differences in their specific forms and characteristics, and therefore need to be examined separately. An examination of practice shows that, due to insufficient legal regulation, enterprise participation has, while improving the quality and efficiency of investigations, also to a certain extent deviated from the procedural values of investigation, manifested in three sets of conflicts:“digital presumption of guilt”versus the presumption of innocence, excessive participation versus the principle of proportionality, and the digital divide versus rights protection. To maximize the benefits of police-enterprise cooperation within the rule of law and to reshape due process in the digital era, it is necessary to follow the logic of“concept establishment-power limitation-rights protection”to address these risks. This involves clarifying the presumption of innocence principle in the digital age, refining the proportionality principle for corporate technical involvement, optimizing power control rules, and focusing on the digital rights of the accused.