БЫТЬ被否定時主格與生格主體選擇的語義學闡釋

Semantic Interpretation of the Choice between Nominative and Genitive Subjects in the Negation of the Verb ''БЫТЬ''

БЫТЬ被否定時，選擇N1+небыл的主格主體還是N2+небыло的生格主體，歷來在俄語教學與研究中爭論較大。本文遵循Anna Wierzbicka提出的語法語義學理論，深入挖掘這一語法問題背後的深層語義理據。最終將БЫТЬ劃分為五個義項，其中БЫТЬ1和БЫТЬ2為基元意義，分別表示THERE IS和BE（SOMEWHERE），быть1表示有觀察者的存在，可根據БЫТЬ1進行釋義，而быть2.1和быть2.2則可根據БЫТЬ2進行釋義。БЫТЬ1和быть1對應於存在句，而БЫТЬ2、быть2.1和быть2.2對應於處所句。通過這種方式，在БЫТЬ被否定這個問題上，實現了宏觀與微觀層面的統一，也提供了一種易於在教學中使用的解釋策略。

The choice between the nominative subject structure ''N1 +небыл'' and the genitive subject structure ''N2 +небыло'' when negating the verbБЫТЬhas long been a subject of considerable debate in Russian language teaching and research. Following the Semantics of Grammar framework proposed by Anna Wierzbicka, this paper delves into the underlying semantic motivations behind this grammatical issue. Ultimately,БЫТЬis categorized into five semantic units, among whichБЫТЬ1 andБЫТЬ2 represent primitive meanings, denoting THERE IS and BE (SOMEWHERE) respectively.быть1 indicates existence with an observer and can be interpreted based onБЫТЬ1, whileбыть2.1 andбыть2.2 can be interpreted based onБЫТЬ2,БЫТЬ1 andбыть1 correspond to existential sentences, whereasБЫТЬ2,быть2.1, andбыть2.2 correspond to locative sentences. Through this approach, a unification at both macro and micro levels is achieved regarding the negation ofБЫТЬ, while also providing an explanation strategy that is pedagogically accessible.