論先秦的兩種「問疾」話語模式及其變例：以清華簡〈鄭文公問太伯〉與《左傳》「晉侯夢大厲」為例

On the Two Modes of Inquiries about Illness in Pre-Qin Anecdotes and Their Variations: Examples from the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips“Zheng Wen Gong Wen Tai Bo”and the Zuo Zhuan“Jin Hou Meng Da Li”

本文以先秦「問疾」話語模式為主題。首先提出兩種類型：一為「問疾」，呈現臣子臨終諫君的嘉言善語；二為「問其疾／論疾」，乃博物君子論疾而及國，呈現天人協調之思維。進而分析兩則特例：第二節論清華簡六〈鄭文公問太伯〉，屬「問疾」敘事，特色為君臣間對話呈現緊張與拮抗。本文由鄭之外交處境切入解析其間語言權力互動。第三節論《左傳》「晉侯夢大厲」，屬「論疾」敘事，特異處為巫醫論疾之語尟少。本文結合《左傳》所記死亡預告與臨終敘事，指出不論夢兆、鬼靈或巫醫，皆指向景公面對命數，不能修德以俟的道德缺陷。總結而言，二例皆以疾病苦難映照國君或國家的沉痾，並以疾不可救的結局，揭示死亡之必然，警醒統治者應擔負的道德課題。

This article examines pre-Qin narratives of inquiries about illness””(問疾) in transmitted and excavated texts, focusing on their recurrent structures and linguistic patterns. It identifies two major types. The first, the“inquiring-after-illness”narrative, depicts a ruler visiting a dying minister who offers counsel on statecraft. The second, the“inquiring-about-illness”narrative, shows ministers probing a ruler’s illness, extending discussion from the body to the state and articulating a correlative vision of person and cosmos. Against this framework, the article analyzes two exceptional cases: the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips text“Zheng Wen Gong Wen Tai Bo”and the Zuo Zhuan account Jin Hou Meng Da Li””. The former, though of the first type, reveals tension over discursive authority; the latter, of the second, downplays shamans and physicians, foregrounding the ruler’s moral failure. Both cases suggest that illness reflects deeper political disorder, underscoring the inevitability of death and the ethical responsibilities of rulers.