線上點餐平台手搖飲品減糖措施：助推（Nudge）策略是否有效？

Reducing sugar intake from hand-shaken beverages provided on online food ordering platforms: are nudges effective?

目標：本研究探討以實施成本低、保有民眾選擇自由的助推工具，減少大學生從手搖飲料攝取的糖量之可行性。方法：採混合方法，以18歲至24歲的北部大學生為研究對象。透過焦點團體確認大學生的重要心理偏誤，據以設計未來健康風險以及預設選項助推政策工具，並以採四臂隨機分配設計之網路問卷實驗，以及利用部分等比例勝算模型分析助推工具的有效性，最後再次辦理焦點團體以解析實驗結果。結果：接受預設無糖助推工具之大學生，比起控制組選擇無糖的機率增加約0.13，選擇低甜度以及中高甜度的機率分別減少0.04及0.09；預設半糖及未來健康風險助推工具對於甜度選擇則無顯著影響。另拒絕含糖手搖飲料自我效能以及對含糖手搖飲料態度與手搖飲料甜度選擇有關。實驗後的焦點團體訪談結果顯示，大學生們認為助推工具保有甜度選擇自由，故支持實施減糖助推工具。結論：預設無糖可以提高大學生選擇無糖手搖飲料之機率，且本研究受訪者支持推動減糖助推工具，故政府可以考慮善用助推工具作為減糖政策的優先選項，以達減糖目標。

Objectives: This study examined the feasibility of using low-cost, choice-preserving nudge tools to reduce sugar intake from hand-shaken beverages among university students. Methods: A mixed-methods approach targeting university students aged 18–24 years in northern Taiwan was adopted. Focus groups were conducted to identify key cognitive biases influencing the students’sweetness choices. On the basis of these focus groups’findings, two nudge tools were designed: (1) future health risk messaging and (2) sugar level defaulting. A four-arm randomized online experiment was then conducted, and a partial proportional odds model was used to assess the effectiveness of these interventions, followed by focus groups to interpret the experimental findings. Results: The sugar-free defaulting nudge significantly increased the probability of selecting sugar-free beverages by approximately 0.13 and decreased the probabilities of selecting low-sugar and high-sugar beverages by approximately 0.04 and 0.09, respectively. However, neither the medium-sugar defaulting nudge nor the future health risk messaging nudge had a significant effect on the students’sweetness choices. Post experiment focus groups revealed that the students perceived the nudges as preserving their freedom of choice and expressed support for implementing such sugar-reduction interventions. Furthermore, self-efficacy in rejecting hand-shaken beverages and attitudes toward hand-shaken beverages were associated with sweetness choices. Conclusions: Because of their effectiveness and acceptance by university students, nudge tools are recommended to be included in governmental sugar reduction policies to reduce sugar consumption among university students.