芝山岩文化與圓山文化的陶器技術體系：一個多面向的考古學研究

Pottery Technology Systems of the Zhishanyan and Yuanshan Cultures: A Multi-Perspective Archaeological Study

新石器時代的芝山岩遺址，過去經由黃士強的發掘研究，在1980年代辨識出「芝山岩文化」。但之後對於芝山岩史前陶器的製作技術卻尚沒有整體性的理解，對其物理、化學性質與原料來源等沒有深入的探討。本文從技術選擇理論的角度切入，在操作鏈的研究框架下探討芝山岩遺址芝山岩文化與圓山文化的陶器製作技術體系，細緻化兩個史前文化的陶器製作知識。方法上，本文結合陶器屬性分析、岩象分析與XRF化學分析，從多面向切入理解陶器各個面向的特性。研究結果顯示，芝山岩文化與圓山文化在技術體系上存在差異。其中屬性分析階段揭示了兩文化陶器的陶質與製作技術不同；岩象分析建立了兩文化陶器原料的岩象群內涵，顯示陶器的內含物來自鄰近的大屯火山群及周遭河流。此外，在芝山岩文化的陶器切片中，觀察到混土、摻合礦物、碎陶等等現象，拓展對於史前製陶技術的認識。XRF的化學分析則表明，芝山岩彩陶原料有可能是磁鐵礦等含鐵元素，並擴展了ITRAX儀器的應用範圍。最後結合各項證據，論述芝山岩文化陶各類陶的整體性質及芝山岩與圓山文化陶的屬性比較。透過各分析方法的研究成果，本文得以觸及史前人群對於環境資源的利用，以及區域互動等文化社會面向的討論議題，並探討芝山岩與圓山文化之間的互動關係，討論史前物與人群的移動。

The Neolithic Zhishanyan culture at Zhishanyan was first identified and excavated by Shih-chiang Huang in the 1980's. Since its discovery, several studies have been conducted to investigate the site´s cultural stratigraphy. However, the pottery of the Zhishanyan culture has not yet been systematically analyzed, and key aspects such as manufacturing technology, physical and chemical properties, and raw material provenance remain unclear. This article applies the concept of“technical choices＂and“chaîne opératoire＂to examine the pottery of Zhishanyan culture and to compare it with that of the overlying Yuanshan culture. Multiple analytical methods, including attribute analysis, petrographic analysis, and Itrax X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning, were employed to explore pottery production technologies. The results reveal some similarities but more pronounced differences between the pottery traditions of the two cultures. Attribute analysis indicates variations in pottery fabrics and production techniques while petrographic examination suggests that both groups sourced their raw materials from nearby streams originating in the Tatun Volcanic Group, northeast of the site. Nevertheless, practices such as tempering, clay mixing, and sorting differed between the two cultural assemblages. The Itrax X-ray analysis, adopted here as an experimental approach, demonstrates significant potential in future applications, particularly in identifying magnetite or other iron-bearing compounds as pigments used in Zhishanyan painted pottery. Drawing on multiple lines of evidence, this study discusses the strategies of resource exploitation and technological adaptation of the Zhishanyan and Yuanshan culture people, their relationship, and the movement of materials and populations in prehistoric times, revealing a cultural landscape more complex than previously understood (Huang 1984; Kuo 2014).