石化業面對淨零轉型之勞動力結構變動與勞動力發展策略研析

A Study on Labour Force Structural Changes and Development Strategies in the Petrochemical Industry in Response to the Net-Zero Transition

本研究探討歐盟碳邊境調整機制（Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism，CBAM）與全球淨零轉型趨勢對我國石化產業勞動市場之影響，並研擬具體政策建議。石化業為製造業上游核心產業，具高耗能與高自動化特性，整體就業市場穩定，惟長期面臨青年勞動力不足、人才斷層與中高齡化挑戰，導致缺工問題日益嚴重。隨國際減塑與淨零目標推進，石化產業恐將出現職類結構調整與職能轉換需求，特別是綠領職缺增長與高齡技術勞工汰減並存，顯示勞動市場將發生潛在變化。研究結合20篇文獻分析、187份有效問卷調查、20位深度訪談與4家企業訪視，發現多數企業尚未建立有效之人力調適機制，尤其中下游中小企業在人力、技術與政策接軌方面更顯不足，並受兩岸貿易波動影響，增加營運不確定性。為此，建議政府應重新定位石化業在產業政策中的角色地位，推動綠領職能訓練體系、建構中小企業轉型支援平臺與跨部會轉職保障制度，以落實「公正轉型（Just Transition）」，吸引青年投入、穩定人力結構，兼顧產業永續與勞工權益。

This study examines the impact of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and the global net-zero transition on the labor market of Taiwan’s petrochemical industry, and proposes concrete policy recommendations. As a core upstream sector within the manufacturing supply chain, the petrochemical industry is characterized by high energy consumption and a high degree of automation. Although overall employment remains relatively stable, the industry has long faced structural challenges, including insufficient young labor force participation, emerging talent gaps, workforce aging, and increasing labor shortages. Amid accelerating international plastic reduction initiatives and net-zero commitments, the petrochemical sector is expected to experience significant occupational restructuring and skill transformation. In particular, the simultaneous growth of green-collar positions and the gradual attrition of older technical workers indicate potential shifts in labor market dynamics. The study integrates multiple research methods, including a review of 20 academic and policy publications, 187 valid survey responses, 20 in-depth interviews, and field visits to four enterprises. The findings reveal that most firms have yet to establish effective workforce adjustment mechanisms. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly those in midstream and downstream segments, face greater constraints in human resources, technological upgrading, and policy alignment. Furthermore, fluctuations in cross-strait trade relations have heightened operational uncertainty, further complicating labor adjustment strategies. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the government reposition the petrochemical industry within national industrial policy, develop a systematic green-skills training framework, establish transformation support platforms for SMEs, and introduce inter-ministerial employment transition and protection mechanisms. These measures aim to advance a just transition, attract younger talent, stabilize workforce structures, and ensure a balanced approach between industrial sustainability and labor rights protection.