唐宋「五臺山」佛教聖地的書寫考辨──以《古清涼傳》與《廣清涼傳》為中心

The Writing and Memory of Mount Wutai as a Buddhist Sacred Site during the Tang and Song Dynasties: Centering Upon Guqingliang-chuan and Guang-qingliang-chuan

唐代五臺山成為文殊菩薩道場，實經長時間的發展。總結北朝時期做為區域信仰中心的五臺山，唐高宗時著成之《古清涼傳》，可謂唐代全國性五臺山信仰建立之端。相較於《古清涼傳》較為中性的描述與記載，可視為一部五臺山志，《廣清涼傳》則較具輔教色彩，由其強調文殊信仰與五臺山之關係與文殊化現的神通，透露五臺山在唐宋變遷中的變與不變，更反映歷史發展中政治、社會變動造成之影響。
本文透過觀察《古清涼傳》與《廣清涼傳》之撰成與相類記載，兼及其他相關文獻，相互對照，觀察編撰者的生命歷程，瞭解其編撰的動機、歷程與內容編排，以探究唐宋時期的佛教專志如何將與佛教聖地／勝地相關的歷史記憶轉化成為文化書寫，進而體現出信仰內涵與歷史圖像。

Mount Wutai became Mañjuśrī’s sacred site during the Tang Dynasty through a long period of development. The Guqingliang- chuan古清涼傳can be described as the beginning of the establishment of national beliefs in Mount Wutai in the Tang Dynasty. The Gu-qingliang-chuan can be regarded as a chronicle of Mount Wutai with more neutral descriptions and records, while Guangqingliang- chuan廣清涼傳is more adjunctive to teaching. The latter emphasizes the relationship between Mañjuśrī’s beliefs and Mount Wu Tai, and writes about the supernatural powers manifested by Mañjuśrī. It reveals the changes and invariance of Mount Wu Tai in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and also reflects the influence of political and social changes in historical development.
By observing the compilation and similar records of Guqingliang- chuan and Guang-qingliang-chuan, as well as other related documents, this article seeks to understand the compilers’life experiences, their motivations, processes, and content arrangements of their compilations. In doing so, this article explores how Buddhist monographs in the Tang and Song Dynasties transformed historical memories related to Buddhist sacred sites into written cultural narratives, in turn reflecting the connotation of religious belief and historical imagery.