從認知主義邁向生活實踐：面向司法過程的刑法教義學改造

刑法教義學本質上具有實踐面向，但當前以語義解釋為中心的犯罪構成理論，往往僅體現為司法定罪活動中參與者之間的認知共識，導致理論與具體的司法過程產生疏離。相比之下，源於生活實踐的技術與知識具有本源性，而基於語義分析的認知性知識則具有派生性。因此，刑法教義學的目標不應止步於科學真偽的辨析，更應致力於在價值競爭中尋求對司法過程的意義構建與理解。為克服現有理論的封閉性與抽象性，應在堅持犯罪構成理論作為溝通平臺的基礎上，回歸生活實踐本源，對刑法教義學進行面向司法過程的改造。具體而言，應當重視“前構成要件理論”的研究，區分構成要件符合性判斷與前構成要件的整體性規範判斷，將不同司法參與者的感受、經驗與價值主張納入理論框架，以應對司法實踐中的規範競爭。同時，應堅持以“規範違反說”作為違法性階層的實質判斷標準，強化主體間互動的維度，從而構建一個開放的、能夠容納生活實踐智慧的刑法教義學體系。

Criminal law dogmatics possesses an inherent practical orientation; however, the current theory of crime constitution, centered on semantic interpretation, often merely represents a cognitive consensus among participants in judicial sentencing, resulting in a detachment between theory and the specific judicial process. In contrast, techniques and knowledge derived from life practice possess a primordial nature, whereas cognitive knowledge based on semantic analysis is derivative. Consequently, the objective of criminal law dogmatics should not merely be the distinction between scientific truth and falsity, but rather the pursuit of meaning construction and understanding within the judicial process amidst value competition. To overcome the closed and abstract nature of existing theories, it is necessary to return to the source of life practice and transform criminal law dogmatics towards the judicial process, while maintaining the consensus platform of crime constitution theory. Specifically, emphasis should be placed on the research of“pre-constitutive element theory,”distinguishing between the judgment of conformity to constitutive elements and the holistic normative judgment of pre-constitutive elements. This approach incorporates the feelings, experiences, and value propositions of different judicial participants into the theoretical framework to address normative competition in judicial practice. Meanwhile, the“norm violation theory”should be upheld as the substantive criterion for the stage of illegality, strengthening the dimension of intersubjectivity to construct an open criminal law dogmatics system capable of accommodating the wisdom of life practice.