我要回來再唱歌──從階層書寫論「隱含作者」在鄭清文小說文本中的實踐

I’m Coming Back to Sing–a discussion of social status and theimplied author in Cheng Ching-wen's stories

本文試圖探索鄭清文作品的特殊精神與價值，思考他如何立足於他所處的土地，透過敘事的編織，對於這片土地上的律法、習尚、人情等等的不合理面向，提出他的觀察、反思與批判，表達他對公平與正義的追求。而對於這種追求的企圖，反覆再現於他的文本之中，形成了他的第二自我。易言之，此一第二自我，相當於敘事學中的隱含作者，以公平與正義之價值軌範為準則，系列性地表呈於不同的文本之中。
表呈著價值軌範的隱含作者，通常會在敘事中嶄露出一定的敘事模式。也就是說，隱含作者為彰顯他的理念，會尋找他認為最適合的內容作為敘事編織的載體，由於其定見，往往會形成某種程度的重疊，類似詩歌中的複沓，構成主題。在鄭清文的小說中，這主題是什麼？作為一位對弱勢者無限同情的小說家，不公義幾乎都來自階層差異，相關書寫便無所不在地出現於他的書寫中。對於左翼者，其關懷往往落在「剩餘價值」的剝削，1他們或者大肆撻伐資本家，或者揭露勞工生活的貧苦，對於鄭清文而言，他固然也念茲在茲，同情勞工之被剝削「剩餘價值」，在書寫中時有涉及，但他的關懷面更擴大到社會結構中「階層」在文化、國族、性別與倫理中顯現的差異，以及因而產生的壓抑，這就是鄭清文與七○年代的小說家如王拓、楊青矗不同的地方。
本文的討論，即聚焦於鄭清文的隱含作者如何稟持一貫的價值軌範，批判現實人生中因階層差異而產生的不公義，這些批判的敘事模式，便是用來推闡鄭清文之所以成為一位具代表性的臺灣小說家的憑藉。

This article explores social values and consciousness in Cheng Ching-wen's works. Cheng's narration focuses mainly on social injustice in law, culture, humanity, etc. and addresses his pursuit of fairness through observation, criticism, and introspection. This pursuit appears consistently throughout his writings, becoming a “second-self” as implied author.
Usually the implied author who follows value norms uses a consistent narrative pattern. In other words, he uses the most appropriate subject in a narration to develop his concepts. The implied author's ideas often overlap each other to a certain degree, like poetic rhymes, forming one central theme. What is this theme in Cheng Ching-wen's novels? As a novelist writing in favor of the weak, Cheng reveals his belief that almost all injustice comes from differences in social status. This theme is ubiquitous in his writings. Most leftists focus on the exploitation of surplus value. They criticize capitalists by exposing the bitterness and poverty of workers. Cheng Ching-wen is different. Although he also cares about these issues, his concern includes differences in social status and the suppression of certain social structures within culture, nationality, sexuality, and morality. It is primarily in this difference of emphasis that Cheng Ching-wen differs from 70's novelists like Wang Tuo and Yang Qing-Chu.
This article focuses on how Cheng's implied author preserves his value norms and criticizes real-life social status injustice, rendering him a symbolic Taiwanese writer.