論清代義理思想發展之脈絡與其形態

A Study on the Types and Historical Context of the Qing Philosophy of Ethics

清代義理思想之發展，雖可說為乃係一持續進行之過程，然此一過程，究竟係針對宋、明二代之完整理學結構，為一「整體之顛覆」？或係延續明代心學之發展，而另進行一種義理學之重構？可以有不同之理解。本文最要之取徑，係將清初以來之學術發展，與其過程中所展現之思想脈絡，分作不同層次之處理。亦即學術觀念與方法之建立，雖涉及思想議題，然由於儒學學術目標之達成，與儒學義理之哲學建構，乃至中國傳統三教中有關心性議題之討論與探索，本有各自之脈絡，故學術觀念與方法之局部性改變，並不意味哲學與義理學之整體亦與之有相應之歷史變化。反面言之，屬於哲學或義理學之形態轉化，亦不即對學術觀念與方法產生決定性之支配力。此諸種因素間複雜之關係，部分來自中國文化特殊之性格所使然，亦有其歷史衍化中基於條件差異，因而產生之時代狀況。本文依此將撰作之要點，概分為九，即：一、明清之際學術觀念之多元化及其所產生之不同思想取徑。二、清初義理思想分向發展所導引產生之共同趨勢與其凝聚之內在動力。三、康熙朝對於理學之提倡及其於義理思想之影響。四、清初以迄清中義理思想發展，除學術本身脈絡外，其它可辨識之因素。五、清中期經史學之改絃與其內在義理思想之特質與樣態。六、東原學說之論勢與其對於乾嘉特定禮論之影響。七、道咸以下社會變局對於傳統義理思想之衝擊及其回應。八、清末新學所形塑之思想新趨與其變改於當時社會之人生想像。九、如何總結清代義理思想發展之整體趨勢與其意義。

The development of the Qing thought of ethics, starting from the mid- seventeenth century China, is said to have commenced a new era in the history of Chinese philosophy. But how to identify the true character of the thought and at the same time to track down all the possible components which were obscured under its history, is not only difficult but controversial as well. The aim of this thesis is to analyze separately the philosophical systems of those great thinkers who formed the mainstreams of the thought and to reconstruct a new interpretation of the history. In order to summarize those reflections proposed in these thinkers' writings and transform them into a more systematic questioning way, this thesis has adopted a unique writing strategy which is quite different from the preceding studies on the subject. And the result of the study reveals a comprehensive and distinct perspective of its own.