公寓中的零餘者／浪人／漫遊者：五四小說的北京書寫

The Superfluous Man / Wanderer in the Apartment: the Bei-jing City Space in the May Fourth Fictions

本文透過1920年代知識分子在北京城市居住空間的轉變：從「會館」到「公寓」，探究科舉制度衰亡之後，於民國初年新崛起的文人，如何以新式大學乃至大學周遭的學生「公寓」為根據地，從事文學創作乃至傳播現代新思潮，並從中孕育新的都市感性和生命美學。「公寓」空間往往是新青年們個人生命投射的所在，如郁達夫、林如稷、丁玲、沈從文、胡也頻、盧隱等，也因此成為五四小說中北京書寫頻頻出現的重要主題。閉鎖在公寓中的主人翁們，總偏愛自比為是「零餘者」，或是徘徊在城市的異鄉人，而他們走出公寓，在胡同和公園焦慮遊走，與周遭格格不入的孤獨身影，組合成了二十世紀現代中國第一批的城市漫遊者。於此可知二十世紀之初北京的城牆瓦解，城市空間從此走向自由開放，遂成為中國新青年重要的啟蒙之地，也為現代小說打開新的一頁。

In the 1920’s, the living spaces occupied by the new Chinese intellectuals were transformed from “Hui-kuan” to “Gong-yu” apartments. This research discusses how, after the Imperial Examination System was cancelled by the Qing Dynasty in 1905, the new Chinese intellectuals rose abruptly from the modern universities and the student apartments surrounding the university campuses. The new intellectuals engaged in creative writing and expounded new ways of thinking and a modern way of living that was influenced by their life in the apartments. The living space of the apartments was reflected in the works of young writers like Yu Da-fu, Lin Ru-gi, Ding Ling, Shen Chuan-wen, and Lu Yin who were struggling to make a living as they tried to come to terms with life in a big city. Therefore, the important figure in the works of the May-Fourth writers is mostly that of a young lonely stranger, a shadow, wandering through the “Hu-tong” and parks of Bei-jing. Bei-jing in the 1920’s became the most important city for the enlightened young generation and the collapse of the city walls opened the city spaces and became the inspiration to a generation of young writers who turned a new page in Chinese modern literature.