胡仔詩學與宋詩宋調——《苕溪漁隱叢話》杜甫詩述評

Hu Zi’s Poetics and Song Poetry’s Style: Examing How A Clump of Speech of Tiaoxi Yuyin Comments on Du Fu’s Poetry

胡仔編著《苕溪漁隱叢話》，成書於最愛元祐之南宋紹興年間，故表彰元祐學術，而體現宋詩宋調之特色。且品藻諸家詩話，推崇李、杜與蘇、黃，尊奉杜甫為詩學典範。今以《叢話》品藻杜甫詩13卷為文本，參考其中有關荊公、山谷諸家論杜之資料，以考論《叢話》評述杜詩所體現之宋詩宋調宗風。本文分三部分：其一，標榜杜甫為詩家典範：以品藻諸家，尊崇老杜；關注杜集善本，樹立傳播典範；以史證詩，發明詩史三端，證成《叢話》推助之功。其二，《叢話》凸顯宋代詩學之二元論述：分法度規矩、變體自由；點竄改定、天然自在證成之。其三，體現宋詩宋調之宗風，如考求來處、資書為詩；摭髓化用、推陳出新之類。宋代審美文化之「雙重模態」，幾近無所不在。學古與通變、守經與達權之趨避消長，正顯示文學生新模式之尋覓與建構。宋詩宋調與唐詩唐音之分道揚鑣，《叢話》有具體而微之展示。郭紹虞稱：「宋人談詩，或以重來歷而偏於考據，或以尚風格而流為禪機，要之均強調藝術技巧」；《叢話》論詩及辭，多喜言詩法、詩藝、詩格、詩病，由此益信。

A Clump of Speech of Tiaoxi Yuyin, compiled by Hu Zi, is accomplished in Shao-hsing era of Southern Song dynasty. While the tide “loving Yuanyou” is in the air, it commends academic achievements of Yuanyou era and represents characteristics of Song poetry’s style. In the meanwhile, it comments kinds of Shihua, admires Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Shi and Huang Tingjian, and worships Du Fu as the poets’ paradigm. I will take 13 volumes of A Clump of Speech of Tiaoxi Yuyin on Du Fu’s poetry, and use materials of Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi and Huang Tingjian, who promote the formation of Song poetry’s characteristics, for reference. This article includes with two parts: first, hallow Du Fu as poets’ paradigm; second, A Clump of Speech of Tiaoxi Yuyin points out the characteristics of Song poetry’s style. Besides, we can usually find the “Dual Mode” as aesthetic thoughts in Song dynasty. Observing the ebb and flow between tradition and innovation, persistence and flexibility, we could figure out how the innovative mode of literature makes its way. We could find the differentiation from Tang to Song in A Clump of Speech of Tiaoxi Yuyin.