丘光庭《兼明書》經說的意義與價值

The Significance and Value of the Classics in the Book of Jian Ming Shu of Chiou Guang Ting

本文旨在探討唐末五代學者丘光庭《兼明書》所述經說的意義與價值。除了以《兼明書》所錄經說為之外，又結合唐代相關史料如《唐會要》、《全唐文》、《新唐書》，以及明、清、現代人相關評論，先針對《兼明書》經說的內容進行疏解，其次針對其意義與價值進行論述分析。
經過詳細疏解與論述與分析之後，可以發現：
其一，丘光庭說經，著重「文本」的理解，的確能見前人所不能見，所說有若干足以糾正前人之失。丘光庭檢討舊說，非欲全面推翻，而是為之補足完善，是以與其說丘光庭具有背離固有經解系統性格，毋寧說丘光庭謹守固有經解系統的色彩濃厚。
其二，論古今經說、修補逸《詩》、由寔改經書文字、正舊說出新解等項實質內容以及丘光庭議論問題的方式來看，可以知道丘光庭面對經書及相關說解之際，思考的面向是極為寬廣而活絡自由的，然而，如是的活絡自由與寬廣，其背景並非恣意師心，而是維護固有經書體系完善性的嚴謹態度與立場。
其三，所謂「多聞闕疑」，在無法考覈確認前人經說是非的情況下，理性地兼容並包，或許是最為適宜的方式，然而丘光庭往往堅持務必區分黑白、認定孰是孰非。從歷史文化留存的角度來說，經說的兼容並包，代表著詮釋的多元性與時代認識轉動的痕跡；而從文明發展的指導作用來說，單一說解的確認與鞏固，則代表了經書神聖性格的架構與完備。
其四，唐中葉以後學風轉變，經學研究推陳出新，已經逐漸成為時下學者的共識，乍看《兼明書》所錄經說，學者很容易便會認定其表現必與學術風氣的更新有關，並就此認定其學術屬性。然而，綜觀唐代相關史料，卻可以發現類似於丘光庭所行的種種作為，自唐代創肇之初便已存在。唐中葉以後，啖助、趙匡、韓愈、柳宗元等學者所鋪展的新詮釋，或許對於丘光庭有所啟發，而一直存在於唐代的質疑議論風氣，或許也是丘光庭能提出不同意見的重要因素。
本文的撰成，除了於學者認識《兼明書》有所助益之外，對於釐清唐末五代經學發展樣貌、新舊學風彼此關涉的實際情況，應該也略有作用。

This paper is to explore the significance and value of the Classics in the book of Jian Ming Shu of Chiou Guang Ting, who is the scholar at the period of the late of Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties. Not only the related contexts of the Classics in Jian Ming Shu, but also the historical references, such as Tang Hui Yai, Chiuan Tang Wen, and Shin Tang Shu, and the related comments from Ming and Ching dynasties and contemporary are used. The approach of this paper is to explain the contexts of the Classics in Jian Ming Shu first, and analyze its significance and value later. There are four important findings in this paper:
1. Chiou Guang Ting used a unique approach of “understanding the contexts”, which helped him to make up for the mistakes, but not repudiate the studies of Classics from former scholars. It shows Chiou Guang Ting still follows the original system of the studies of Classics.
2. From the contexts in his book and the approaches that Chiou Guang Ting applied to discuss issues, it shows that underneath his free and innovate thinking, he has the conscientious and careful attitude to protect the completeness of the original system of the studies of Classics.
3. When it is impossible to judge the rightness or wrongness from the opinions of former scholars, it was normally considered to accept and integrate the different opinions, but Chiou Guang Ting insists that it has to differentiate black or white, and right or wrong. It shows he prefers the confirmation of the studies, and the confirmation stands for the unique and perfection of the Classics.
4. The atmosphere of the studies of Classics has changed at the middle period of Tang dynasty. The new approaches has been applied at this time, and scholars thinks the new atmosphere made the great influence on Chiou Guang Ting. However, the similar behaviors and thoughts of Chiou Guang Ting had been seen in early Tang dynasty. The new explanations of the classics in the middle of Tang dynasty just pushed Chiou Guang Ting to submit his own thoughts.
Finally, the writing and findings of this paper not only help scholars to understand Jian Ming Shu, but also help to classify and understand the developing of the studies of Classics in the late of Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, and the connection between the new and old atmosphere of the studies of Classics.