論漢武帝之尊儒及其影響

On Emperor Han Wudi's Conforming to Confucianism and the Consequential Influence

孔子曾對子夏說：「汝為君子儒，勿為小人儒」，故先秦儒者砥志礪行，首重心性的陶養。自漢武帝著意興儒之後，儒學轉入追求事功一途，學者不免或皓首於窮經，或曲學以阿世。對於此一學術轉折，自從《資治通鑑》將董仲舒對策繫於武帝建元元年，又在篇末將此時儒學的發展，概括為「孝武初立，卓然罷黜百家，表章六經」之後，後人遂以為從此儒學獨盛、從此思想定於一尊。
由於史傳記載的紛歧和疏略，論者往往執持一端，即將一連串的儒術興革與儒學發展，歸責於漢武帝或曾於對策時提出「諸不在六藝之科、孔子之術者，皆絕其道，勿使並進」建議的董仲舒，忽略了西漢儒學的發展，實有相當漫長而曲折的歷程。事實上，設五經博士、博士弟子員獎掖的是儒術（經學）而非儒學，而且武帝對經學的運用，只是出於「緣飾」的心態，沒有「獨尊」之實。忽略這些事實，直接以簡單的印象概括此—歴史，不僅對漢武帝、董仲舒的評論容易失準，對儒學與經學發展的認識亦不免偏頗。拙文從史傳及相關論載抽絲剝繭，釐清漢武帝尊儒的意義及其影響，至於董仲舒與儒學發展的關係，將另文討論。

Hardening their life ambition and urging each other in self-discipline, the Confucian scholars in the ancient Qin dynasty first emphasized the cultivation of their heart and character. Since Emperor Han Wudi determined to nurture Confucianism, Confucianism was transformed into a path for the pursuit of national affair service. To such transform, historians and scholars often take a viewpoint only from one end and attribute a series of reforms and developments in Confucianism to Emperor Han Wudi and Dong Zhongshu, the Emperor's influential minister, due to the confusions and differences in historical records and documents, and neglect a fact that the development of Confucianism in the Western Han dynasty actually took quite a long and winding process. Neglecting these winding processes and directly generalizing this historical issue with a simple impression not only can easily cause an inaccurate comment or review on Emperor Han Wudi and Dong Zhongshu but also can incur an unavoidable biased understanding in Confucianism and the development of classical learning. Through detailed investigations in historical records and related discussions and documents, this paper clarifies the meaning and the influence of Emperor Han Wudi's conforming to Confucianism; as to the relationship between Dong Zhongshu and the development of Confucianism, my other paper shall discuss this subject.