明代章潢象數與義理兼綜的重要《易》學觀

A Study on Zhang Huang’s Important Understanding of the Book of Changes: on the Integration of Xiang-shu and Yili

章潢清正淳良，勤務聖學，準讀書以靜心、力學以行道之精神，明清學者肯定為理學名賢宗傳，文德真儒之風雅，為時人所誦。其《易》學思想，存見於其《周易象義》、《讀易雜記》與《圖書編》。圖書、義理與象數三位一體，誠為明儒《易》說之英華。承宋元《易》風，廣輯圖學，蒐覽未墜，援前人之法，立己意之申詳。繼時期陽明心學之說，成《易》著以「象義」言，因象求義，化象成理，象數之言決然淡化，以意以心為的而鑿言不絕，宏富之義理，多可尋繹申道者，可以視為理刺漢說，根主邵朱諸法，合綜心性大義，展現其囊括圖書、義理與象數的獨特風格。本文考量其圖書之多元與複雜性，以及篇幅與內容申詳之問題，圖書之說別文另議，而關注於象數與義理之範疇，耙梳歸納有關之重要《易》學主張與特色，主要從一陰一陽為取象釋義之主體、拒衍他卦求象而務取本卦之一卦兩體、月體納甲與乾坤坎離地位之升揚、卦變與反對卦象義之法、廣泛取用卦主之說、統體大道與終在我身之心學觀，以及道本乾坤與即陰即陽之優位性等幾個面向進行探述，確立其《易》學之客觀定位。

Zhang Huang, a man of integrity and kindness, was a faithful follower of Confucianism, highly regarded as a prominent philosopher by thinkers in Ming and Qing Dynasties. His theories regarding The Book of Changes are illustrated in his works Zhouyi-Xiangyi, Duyizaji, and Tushubian. Incorporating Tushu, Yili, and Xiang-shu, Zhang produced Ming Confucianism’s most powerful interpretation of the Book of Changes. Following the trends of Yi studies from the Song and Yuan periods, he compiled a huge number of Yi diagrams and drawing on the work of those who came before, delivering detailed and insightful interpretations of these diagrams. Following Wang Yangming’s theory of the mind, Zhang used the words Xiang-yi to name his work on the Changes. Based on the major ideas of Shao Yong and Zhu Xi, in combination with Xinxue, Zhang contructed his Yili theory through Xiang-shu and criticized Yili theories from the Han Dynasty. Due to the complexity of Zhang’s Tushuo theory, the discussion of Tushuo will be covered in another study. By focusing mainly on the realms of Xiang-shu and Yili, the present study aims to investigate the important characteristics in Zhang’s theories, including the use of Xiang from one-yin-one-yang, the diagram of one-gua-two-ti, yue-ti-na-jia and the elevation of the qian-kun-kan-li position, ideas of gua-bian, opposite gua, and gua-zhu, tong-ti-da-dao and Xinxue, and dao-ben-qian-kun, hoping to provide a comprehensive and detailed analysis of Zhang’s theory.