《韓非子》「術」論

Han Fe's Theory of ''Shuh'' : The Ways of Administering or Governing A Nation

《韓非子》書中以「法」（賞罰的標準）、「術」（運作權力的方法）、「勢」（統治的權力），建立起其政治體系的架構。站在定分止爭、建立一套標準規範的前提下，立「法」以去除君臣異利、公私相背的狀況，而歸於君國的公利。「法」有待於君主處「勢」，才能收「令行禁止」之效；但「法」的標準性，和「勢」的強制力，皆須透過一套運作的方法，才能付諸實現。因此，「術」的運用為《韓非子》中重要的一環，而《韓非子》中也用較多的篇幅來談君主所獨執的「術」。故本文將分別討論《韓非子》書中的：無為術、形名術、參伍術、聽言術、用人術，並運用現代行政學、管理學的觀念，以了解《韓非子》論「術」的內容和得失。

The framework of the political system is built based on “law ( standards of rewards and punishments ) '' , “Shuh ( tactics to exercise power ) '' , and “power ( ruling power ) ”in the book Han Fe Tzu. In the premise to settle disputes with the carrot and stick approach and establish standarlized norms and protect the public interest, laws are to be stipulated to eliminate the differences of benefits among kings and ministers. Only when the kings can exert power properly, can laws and orders be fully executed, and through a complete approach of operation can the standard of laws and coercive effect of power be achieved. Therefore, how to use tactics becomes a very important issue in the book. The tactics used by the kings cover many pages in Han Fe Tzu as well. This research paper discusses the types of Shuh( tactics to exercise power )in Han Fe Tzu respectively. Those include Wu Wei Shuh ( tactics to assess ministers' merits ) , Hsing Ming Shuh ( tactics to examine ministers' performance ) , Tsan Wu Shuh ( tactics to refer to different opinions over appropriate personnel appointment ) , and Yung Jen Shuh ( tactics of personnel management ) . Furthermore, the study adopts the concepts of contemporary public administration and management to examine the content as well as advantages and disadvantages of Han Fe's theory of Shuh.