先秦漢初文獻中的「孔子形象」

“The Image of Confucius” in Pre-Qin to Early Han Texts

本文以「孔子形象」的形塑與演變為論述焦點，針對先秦至漢初文獻─包含傳世與出土─涉及孔子重要事蹟、言行的相關篇章比較、分析；並由敘事學觀點切入，詮釋不同文獻在「孔子」人物形象及其敘述策略、主題與價值觀的異同與意義。
本文主在比較《左傳》、《國語》、《史記》、《公羊傳》、《穀梁傳》等先秦至漢初敘史、詮經文獻，並參照先秦諸子，乃至近年出土之《清華簡》、《上博簡》、《郭店簡》等之相關載述，省察「孔子形象」在「良臣」、「聖賢」、「先師」諸面相的不同定位、評價與嬗變，及其對當代學術的意義。
在上述文獻考察與詮釋基礎上，本文亦欲探論先秦至漢初經學、史學發展之背景與趨勢，並嘗試分析在不同時空情境、學派立場、論述策略與價值觀點下，眾多不同學派、背景的文獻與論述，形塑「孔子形象」的特色，及其學術意圖與意義。最後則透過「孔子形象」此一命題，綜觀出土與傳世文獻並茂、經學與史學交融的先秦漢初學術場域，其學術的變化與意義，以及出土與傳世文獻的學術貢獻─嘗試在不同文體、敘事模式與史觀的對話間，省思傳統學術的多元風貌。

This paper focuses on the formation and evolution of “the image of Confucius” in pre-Qin to early Han texts. Both extant works and recently discovered texts are examined to conduct a comparative analysis of accounts of the major events in Confucius’s life as well as his words and deeds. From the perspective of narratology, the author studies the commonalities and divergences in narrative strategies, themes, and value systems displayed across a range of texts in their portrayal of Confucius.
This paper mainly looks at the accounts in pre-Qin to early Han narrative and exegetical texts such as the Zuozhuan, Guoyu, Shiji, Gongyang zhuan, and Guliang zhuan, juxtaposing them against accounts in pre-Qin masters’ texts, as well as recently excavated texts such as the Qinghua strips, Shanghai Museum strips, and Guodian strips. In particular, the paper investigates the construction of Confucius as the “good minister,” “sage/ worthy,” and “teacher/ master,” with each of these representing different ideological positions, character assessments, and implications for contemporary scholarship.
This paper also explores larger trends in pre-Qin to early Han classical scholarship and historical studies, analyzing the temporal and spatial scenarios, scholastic positions, argumentative strategies, and value judgments that contribute to the varying aspects of the “image of Confucius.” Through the theme “the image of Confucius,” this paper highlights the mutual importance of newly discovered texts and transmitted texts, and the fusion of classical scholarship and historical study in the pre-Qin to early Han period. Tracing these changes and their significance, the paper examines the diverse interactions between different genres, narrative modes, and historical perspectives in traditional scholarship.