明詩正宗譜系的建構──雲間三子詩學論析

The Construction of the Canonical Lineage of Ming Poetry: An Analysis of the Poetics of The Three Men of Yun Jian

從弘治、正德年間崛起於文壇的前七子算起，到嘉靖、隆慶時期的後七子，再到明末由陳子龍、李雯、宋徵輿組成的雲間三子，一百五十年之間，明代的詩歌復古運動共歷經三次發展的高峰。在這段過程中，復古派受到其他派別的強力挑戰，因而不斷的強化本身的理論依據，並且也持續提昇詩歌創作的造詣。至崇禎十六年，雲間三子合力編成《皇明詩選》，書中推尊李夢陽、何景明為首的前七子以及李攀龍、王世貞為首的後七子為明詩正宗，其後，雲間三子並以己作上承前、後七子，終於為有明一代的詩歌建構出正宗譜系，完成了總結復古詩學的歷史任務。然而，明詩為何可以繼《詩經》、漢魏古詩、盛唐律詩之後而成為詩歌經典？雲間三子究竟是以何種標準來選擇數量龐大的明代詩作？陳子龍諸子又是如何型塑李、何、王、李的典範形象？如何以自己的作品來傳承明詩的正宗傳統？關於這些議題，本文將逐一予以論析，藉以彰顯雲間三子詩學的內涵與時代意義。

The classical poetics of Ming Dynasty experienced three great developments within the period of one hundred and fifty years, beginning with the Qian Qi Zi of the Hongzhi and the Zhengde Reign, to the Hou Qi Zi of the Jiajing and the Longqing Reign, and, finally, in the later years of the Ming Dynasty, to the Three Men of Yun Jian , which was comprised of Cheng Zi-Long, Li Wen and Song Zheng-Yu. During this period, the classical school was harshly challenged by other literary factions, which led to both the reinforcement of its own theoretical system and the continuous development of its poetic creativity. In the 16th year of the Chongzhen Reign, the Three Men of Yun Jian compiled The Anthology of Ming Poetry, which commended the Qian Qi Zi headed by Li Meng-Yang and He Jing-Ming and the Hou Qi Zi headed by Li Pan-Long and Wang Shi-Zheng as the canon of Ming Poetry. They later succeeded the Qian Qi Zi and the Hou Qi Zi with their own works, and finally served as the historical benchmark of the descent of the Ming Dynasty classical poetics. Nevertheless, what led to the canonization of Ming poetry following the production of The Book of Poems, the classical poems of the Han and the Wei Dynasties and the rhymed poems of the Tang dynasty? What precise criteria did the Three Men of Yun Jian employ to anthologize such a great number of Ming poems? How did the poets like Cheng Zi-Long forge this paradigmatic image of Li, He, Wang and Li? And how did they transmit such canonical traditions through their own poetry? These issues, among others, will be investigated in further detail in this essay in attempts to manifest the central notion of the poetic theories set forth by the Yun Jian School of Poetry.