觀與被觀之間——魏晉人物品藻觀視活動的雙重性內涵與權力移轉

Review and Being Reviewed: the Interaction between the Reviewers and the Reviewees in Wei and Jin Character Evaluation

人物品藻活動中，觀視者與被品觀者之間並非一成不變的主客關係，而是以互相影響的方式進行觀視與對話。被品觀者以己身思維對既定的社會規範與思想進行反饋與改造，顯現一雙向溝通的途徑之可能。魏晉士人在人物品藻活動中身兼觀視者與被品觀者雙重角色，藉由一次次的觀視與品藻活動，使人物內在自我與外在世界進行調合與融通，而發展出一社會新模式。此種交匯之可能，奠基於玄學思維中，以所謂用「有」以入「無」的方式，達致由感官至精神的深層溝通。但達成精神的交流後，亦不廢「有」之感官活動與言語行為，唯有「有」、「無」並重，方能達成人物觀視主客溝通之可能，達致身體內在精神與外在感官間的流動性，及觀視雙方的交流性與身體的開放性。士人在觀視活動中，既揭示自身，亦感受外界。

In character evaluation, the reviewers and the reviewees did not have a rigid “master-guest” relation, but conducted the review and conversation in a way that affected each other. The reviewees transformed and reflected on the existing social regulations and ideology with their own ideas, demonstrating the possibility of a mutual communication. The literati of Wei and Jin Dynasties were both reviewers and reviewees in character evaluations. Through the evaluations and reviews, the inner self and the outer material world were integrated, and thus a new social model was developed. This possibility of communication was based on metaphysics, in which “being” was used in order to achieve “non-being”, and therefore a deep communication between senses and spirits was possible. However, once the spiritual communication was achieved, the activity of senses and language was not abandoned, because “being” and “non-being” had to be equally valued to achieve the communication between the reviewers and the reviewees in character evaluation, and also the flow between the inner spirit and the outer senses, as well as the interaction and the openness of the two sides. In character evaluations, the literati opened their physical beings, while at the same time, experienced the outer world.