早期家庭經濟劣勢與成年初顯期發展成果之潛在剖析分析與其影響因子

Early Family Economic Disadvantages and Developmental Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood: A Latent Profile Analysis

研究目的：過往研究指出兒少時期經歷貧窮不利成年初期的發展，然而，此關聯並非一體適用於有相似經歷者。過去研究多採用變項中心分析來探討此關聯，但是此法無法捕捉早期劣勢經驗與後期發展關聯的異質性。本研究改善過去方法，採個人中心的分析取向，將此一連結分群，用以探討此一關聯的異質性。本研究更進一步探討哪些因素可顯著區辨這些不同分群。研究方法：使用「台灣貧窮兒少資料庫」的4波資料（分別於2009、2011、2013與2015年進行調查）共計850人（第一波平均年齡14.88歲），以潛在剖析分析進行分群，並以多項式邏輯迴歸探究那些因素可以區辨這些不同分群結果。研究結果：該樣本分群大致符合原來假設，唯獨沒有發現韌力組。知覺家庭經濟支持、偏差同儕、被霸凌是區分不同分群的關鍵因子。研究結論：根據研究發現，建議政策與實務工作者深入了解經濟弱勢家庭內兒少發展之差異性，針對不同問題特徵，提供適切的服務。再者，透過強化個人能力，鼓勵學校、家庭與社區的合作，以降低這些兒少與偏差同儕往來互動、受欺凌的經驗，並且以系統性的經濟支持，增進貧困家庭回應子女經濟需求的能力，這些將有助降低貧困家庭子女發展嚴重憂鬱情緒或物質使用的問題。

Purpose: This study examined children who grew up in poor families in order to identity key predictors that might differentiate them into subgroups. On the basis of a literature review, we hypothesized 5 subgroups would be identified: low risk group, high risk and high depression group, high risk and high substance use group, high risk and high depression and substance use group, and resilient group. Methods: We applied latent profile analysis to examine emotional and substance use outcomes in four waves of data from the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty (n = 850, 43.5% males, average age at the first wave was 14.88) and identified subgroups in the sample. Results: We identified 4 groups. The results supported our hypothesis, except that no resilient group was found in the sample. In multinomial regression models, the perception of family economic support, the frequency of delinquent peer affiliation, and being bullied were the key predictors that distinguished the subgroups. Conclusions: The stressful experiences of economically disadvantaged families and the relationship of these experiences to children's emotional and substance use behaviors is heterogeneous. Children who grew up in economic disadvantages showed different developmental outcomes. There different profiles linked to the above mentioned key factors. On the basis of the study results, policy makers and practitioners should understand the heterogeneity in the relationship between family economic disadvantages and children’s developments. Different services should be provided for different groups of children. Furthermore, to reduce the influence of deviant peer and bullied experiences, practitioners should provide services that strengthen personal capability and encourage the cooperation among family, school, and community. A systematic support in economic resources for these families helps to reduce their depressive emotion and substance use.