初探大學生對變性女的性別認知與態度

An Exploration of Undergraduates' Gender Cognitions and Attitudes towards Male to Female Transsexuals

研究目的：本研究旨在瞭解台灣大學生的性別刻板印象、對由男變女的變性女之性別認知和態度，並進一步探討生理性別、接觸經驗、性別刻板印象、性別認知與對變性女態度之間的關連性。最後，將就本研究結果與文獻中有關變性女的主體論述進行對話，來瞭解台灣的跨性別的現象。研究方法：本研究以336位大學生為研究樣本，以問卷調查法進行資料的蒐集。本研究運用次數分配和百分比來瞭解大學生的性別、以及個人對於變性者經驗。此外，以t考驗來比較不同性別與不同接觸經驗在性別刻板印象、對變性女之性別認知以及態度之差異性。最後，以皮爾森積差相關來分析性別刻板印象、對變性女的性別認知與態度三者之間的相關。研究結果：將近98%的大學生曾聽過變性者，而近十分之一的人曾親自接觸過變性者。本研究發現，大學生對變性女的態度持中立偏正面；在性別認知上，則傾向將變性女視為典型的女性；而不同的性別在大學生對變性女的態度呈現顯著的差異性；然而，不同的接觸經驗並未在對變性女的態度上呈現顯著的差異；最後，性別刻板印象與對變性女的性別認知呈現顯著的正相關，性別刻板印象與對變性女的態度以及變性女的性別認知與對變性女的態度皆無顯著相關。研究結論：就本研究結果可知，大學生對於變性女的態度是傾向友善的中立態度。對於變性女，大學生大多願意給予社會支持，至於更深切的社會認同仍有努力的空間。另外，性別刻板印象與性別態度以及性別認知與性別態度的相關性並未獲得支持。此結果說明本研究的大學生會用其社會期待的性別典範去建構有關變性女的性別歸屬，以及形成有關變性女性別角色的知識，但並未直接影響大學生對變性女的感受。根據上述結果，提出有關性別典範的新論述以及未來研究與輔導實務的建議。

Purpose: This study investigated the relationships among gender, contact experiences, gender stereotypes, gender cognition, and attitudes towards male to female transsexuals (MtFs). Methods: Data were collected from 336 Taiwanese undergraduates using paper-and-pencil questionnaires, which included a personal data section followed by a gender stereotypes scale, gender cognitions about MtFs scale, and gender attitudes towards MtFs scale. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the demographic data and degree of gender stereotypes, gender cognitions about MtFs, and attitudes toward MtFs. Next, a t-test was used to examine the mean difference of gender stereotypes, cognitions, and attitudes toward MtFs by gender and type of contact experience. Finally, pearson-product moment correlations were used to examine the relationship among gender stereotypes, cognitions about MtFs, and attitudes toward MtFs. Results: Nearly 98% of the students had heard of transsexuals; nearly 10% had had personal contact with a transsexual. Participants’ attitude toward MtFs was neutral with a slight tendency towards the positive side. Participants tended to consider MtFs closer to the stereotypes for females. Gender had a significant relation to gender attitudes, although differences in contact experience had no relation to it. Finally, gender stereotypes and gender cognitions about MtFs were positively related; no significant correlations were found between gender stereotypes and attitudes towards MtFs, or between gender cognition about MtFs and attitudes towards them. Conclusions: Participants were not entirely unfamiliar with transsexual issues. Female participants were more accepting than men, but contact experience did not seem to change men’s or women’s gender cognitions and attitudes. The results suggest there is a correlation between gender stereotypes and gender cognition. However, there is no correlation between gender stereotypes and gender attitudes, or gender cognition and gender attitudes. Undergraduates use social expectations for gender to construct a model of MtFs gender belonging, as well as to form ideas about MtFs’ gender role; however, these expectations do not directly affect undergraduates’ attitudes towards MtFs.