雙工作家庭的生活滿意：工作–家庭衝突與互利的影響

Life Satisfaction of Dual-income Families: The Effect of Work-family Conflict and Facilitation

研究目的：過去探討工作－家庭互動的研究，受到角色耗竭觀點的影響，多半採工作－家庭衝突觀點，並將工作－家庭衝突區分為工作對家庭的衝突（WFC）、家庭對工作的衝突（FWC）。近年來，受到正向心理學的影響，工作與家庭互動的研究，將工作－家庭互利的觀點加入原有的工作－家庭衝突架構中，從研究發現提出工作的投入也能讓家庭受惠，而家庭的投入也能讓工作受惠，因此，工作－家庭互利包括工作對家庭之利（WFF）及家庭對工作之利（FWF）雙向因素。本研究主要目的有二，一為瞭解雙工作家庭中，是否同時存在「工作－家庭衝突」、「工作－家庭互利」，其強度為何；二為控制性別、年齡、教育、職業後，分析雙工作家庭的「工作－家庭衝突」、「工作－家庭互利」分別對生活滿意的解釋力為何。研究方法：本研究採問卷調查，以家有18歲以下子女的家長且為雙工作家庭為對象，以分層比率叢集抽樣法，從臺灣各縣市（金門、連江除外）之高中職、國中、國小抽取樣本。採3%抽樣誤差，95%信賴水準，回收有效樣本共769人。研究結果：以主成分、斜交轉軸因素分析工作－家庭衝突量表，抽出工作對家庭的衝突（WFC）、家庭對工作的衝突（FWC）二獨立因素；而工作－家庭互利則只抽出一個因素，即工作－家庭互利（W-FF）因素。雙工作家庭的W-FF顯著高於WFC、FWC，打破過去只以角色耗竭觀探討工作與家庭互動的迷思。階層迴歸分析發現，在控制性別、年齡、教育程度、職業後，工作－家庭衝突、工作－家庭互利分別可以獨立解釋家庭生活滿意，其解釋變異量依序為7.0%、6.0%。研究結論：國人的「工作－家庭衝突」發生頻率並不強，接近「有時衝突」；而「工作－家庭互利」發生頻率較強，接近「經常互利」。在工作－家庭間的互動中，「工作－家庭衝突」與「工作－家庭互利」並存，而這二者間雖顯著相關，但卻能各自獨立解釋生活滿意，因此在研究工作與家庭互動時，必須同時被考量。

Purpose: The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the extent of work-family conflict and facilitation in dual-income families and whether they are independent, and (2) to investigate whether the life satisfaction of dual-income families is explained by workfamily conflict and facilitation separately by controlling gender, age, educational level, and occupation. Methods: A questionnaire and proportional sampling were used to obtain responses from 798 dual-career families with under 18 years old child from 22 cities and counties in Taiwan. Results: The results indicated that the work-family interface likely represents multiple dimensions composed of bidirectional (work-to-family and family-towork) conflict and unidirectional facilitation. Participants experienced significantly higher levels of work-family facilitation than work-family conflict. After controlling for gender, age, educational level, and occupation, hierarchical regression analysis showed that the work-family interface significantly explained the level of life satisfaction of dual-income families. Work-family conflict and family-work facilitation explained only 7.0% and 6.0% of the total variance, respectively. Conclusions: The findings indicated that work-family conflict and facilitation related significantly, however, life satisfaction of dual-income families was influenced by work-family conflict and facilitation concurrently. This is a
milestone as revealed ways of enhancing life satisfaction by emphasizing work-family positive spillover. Since a popular research focus has been work-family conflict, a concept underpinned by the scarcity hypothesis, researchers have to test the idea that work and family can facilitate one another, rather than just conflict in the future studies.