明儒都督萬鹿園的道教修煉與佛教行腳

The Daoist and Buddhist Practice of Wan Biao, a Neo-Confucian and a Military Governor in the Mid-Ming period

陽明學自明中葉以來盛行於世，其後學之論爭則圍繞良知與工夫而展開。就具體人事可知，其理念的推展與佛、道教關係甚深。明儒萬鹿園（1498-1556），出身寧波衛世襲指揮僉事，以都督列身「浙中王門」，是早期陽明學者中較特別的一位。其學雖肯定良知具足，但與王龍溪不同，始終講究工夫，近於羅念菴一流。與念菴類似，其學融會道、釋，尤以丹道修煉為其底色。這與其日常生活緊密相關。作為長期任漕事的高級軍官，他既深度參與漕運祠廟的儀式活動，也在公務與家庭生活中踐行個人信仰，博得「好道捨命活民參將萬侯」的美名。除與僧、道交往外，他因病避居宜興善卷寺，改變寺眾殺牲肉食的習慣；又為寧波、杭州等地佛寺募化及外護。他在杭州佛寺建立萬氏祠堂，雖與墳塋選擇有關，也與其家族信仰有關。萬表的個案雖然有其獨特性，但也表明陽明學及陽明學者並不能脫離其時代、人生與社會環境而超然獨存。

Scholars of the Yangming School had great influence in Ming society. The argument of the relationship between innate knowledge of the good and method of cultivation was not only a question of theory, but also the outcome which deeply connected the normal life and the religious practice of the scholars themselves. Wan Biao萬表（1498-1556）had a military family background, spent most of his life on military or grain tribute transportation duties and died on the position of military governor. He was also known as a Neo-Confucian of Yangming School associated with the central Zhejiang area浙中王門. Although he was born in Zhejiang and was a near friend of Wang ji王畿, his opinion on innate knowledge of the good always emphasized method of cultivation, which was advocated by Luo Hongxian羅洪先associated with the Jiangxi area江右. Like Luo, Wan Biao had great interest in Daoism and Buddhism. His arguments on the method of achieving the innate knowledge of the good were mainly based on his knowledge of Inner Alchemy, a popular culture of his time. As a military governor of grain tribute transportation, he experienced the same ritual life and beliefs in Water Gods with his soldiers, and in private time he practiced Daoism. Meanwhile, he inherited Buddhist beliefs from his parents and became integrated into the Buddhism circles of Ningbo寧波, Hangzhou杭州and Suzhou蘇州. The life of Wan Biao is a unique case, proving that Yangming and his disciples cannot be generally analyzed beyond their own time, especially without an eye on their ritual or religious lives, but have to be considered within the social circumstances which they lived in.