日本近代曹洞宗禪學者對臨濟宗禪學者的批判禪學論爭――以忽滑谷快天、井上秀天為中心

Discourses on Critical Zen between Sōtōand Rinzai Scholars in Pre-war Japan: Centered on Nukariya Kaiten and Inoue Shuten

本文著眼於日本戰前曹洞宗與臨濟宗的禪門內部互相批判，以及外部時代環境的課題，企圖釐清這段戰前批判禪學的多樣性與時代性之意義。目前學界很少注意釋宗演（1859-1919）與忽滑谷快天（1867-1934）兩派有關「批判禪學」的細密研究之比較。本文先從禪門曹、臨兩派的外部論爭背景下，介紹曹洞宗忽滑谷快天與井上秀天（1880-1945）二者「批判禪學」的學問養成，實與當時東京帝國大學的佛教研究風氣及其與臨濟宗長年較勁的學術背景息息相關。接著進入到內部的學術論爭，最鮮明的便是曹、臨二宗對《碧巖錄》公案禪的禪學詮釋論爭，針對鈴木大拙（1870-1966）與井上秀天二者的詮釋對決，頗似「科學」與「禪學」的論辯，這種詮釋論爭彷如看到戰後中國的胡適（1891-1962）與鈴木大拙同樣掀起的禪學論戰。

By examining both the internal critiques exchanged between the Sōtōand Rinzai Zen schools in pre-war Japan and the broader historical context that shaped them, this study seeks to illustrate the diverse and historically conditioned nature of this pre-war“Critical Zen.”Scholarship has thus far paid little attention to detailed comparative research relating to“Critical Zen”from both Soyen Shaku釋宗演and Nukariya Kaiten忽滑谷快天. This article first situates the academic formation of Sōtōscholars Nukariya Kaiten and Inoue Shuten井上秀天within the context of the Sōtō-Rinzai debate, highlighting its close connection to the intellectual climate of Buddhist studies at Tokyo Imperial University and the longstanding scholarly rivalry with the Rinzai school. This is followed by an examination of the internal debates themselves, most notably the disputes between the two schools over the Zen interpretation of the kōan practice in the Blue Cliff Record碧巖錄. The examination focuses on the interpretative confrontation between D.T. Suzuki鈴木大拙and Inoue Shuten, which resembled debates between“Science”and“Zen,”echoing the Zen arguments raised in post-war China between Hu Shih胡適and D.T. Suzuki