傳說還是真實？明清地圖與人物圖中的毛人國

Legend or Reality? The Country of the Hairy People in Ming and Qing Maps and Illustrations

本文探討明清地圖所載毛人國。其歷來被視為傳說國度，但早在唐代文獻就有倭王東征毛人五十五國的紀錄。本文關注明清地圖對毛人國的詮釋，並論及日用類書與《異域圖志》的毛人圖像。
明清地圖的毛人國可分為三系統：華夷圖、薛俊《日本地圖》和韓國天下圖。三者繪製上各有千秋，但一致繪於中國東邊海域。其中，華夷圖的毛人知識最遲在唐代已形成，地理知識中展現出一個文化圈，其人通常為「長毛」或「身黑」的形象。天下圖亦如此，像是東方民族對東方域外的集體意識。薛俊圖所指毛人則與蝦夷族有關，乃具真實性。此外，日用類書與《異域圖志》的毛人圖像被描述為女性政權的國度，且部分日用類書更將其繪為「束髮作揖」的儒者形象。顯示裡，域外毛人不再僅是野蠻象徵。總的來看，透過明清文人考證與詮釋，毛人國在地圖中處在既真實又虛構的矛盾，並不僅是傳說國度。

This paper examines the depiction of the Country of the Hairy People (毛人國) in Ming and Qing maps, a place often considered as mythical. Historical records of its existence, however, can be date back to Tang dynasty texts that document the Japanese king's expedition against 55 states of Hairy People. By analysing Ming and Qing cartographic materials, this study investigates how the Hairy People were spatially situated and visually conceptualized, and further explores their imagery in encyclopedias and Yi Yu Tu Zhi（《異域圖志》）.
The cartographic depictions of the Country of the Hairy People may be categorized into three systems: Hua-Yi Maps（《華夷圖》）, Xue Jun's Map of Japan（《日本地圖》）, and the Korean Map of All Under Heaven（《天下圖》）. Despite differences in cartographic style, all three locate the Hairy People in the eastern seas of China. The Hua-Yi Maps’portrayal reflects Tang dynasty knowledge, where the Hairy People are depicted as“long-haired”or“dark-skinned,”indicating an early cultural awareness of distant regions. The Map of All Under Heaven shares a similar perspective, indicating a collective consciousness regarding external ethnic groups. By contrast, Xue Jun's map links the Hairy People to the Ainu, thereby lending greater credibility to their existence.
Encyclopedic works and the Yi Yu Tu Zhi（《異域圖志》）add another layer by portraying the Hairy People as a female-dominated society, with some sources representing them as Confucian scholars. These depictions mark a shift from viewing them as purely barbaric symbols to more nuanced interpretations. Through the textual analysis of Ming and Qing scholars, the Country of the Hairy People is shown to occupy a paradoxical position in maps——neither entirely real nor purely fictional——thus transcending its mythical origins.