「胡恩」與「漢恩」——從華夷視角重探兩宋「昭君」詩創作的特色及轉型

“Hu’s Favor”and“Han's Favor”: Re-Examining the Characteristics and Transformation of“Zhaojun”Poetry in the Song Dynasty from a Sino-Barbarian Perspective

本文著眼於「南宋詩人更熱衷書寫昭君主題」的現象，以兩宋差異極大的「華夷觀」為著眼點，嘗試重探並發掘「南宋昭君詩」的特色與轉變，從而有以下發現：比起王安石認為「漢恩自淺胡自深」，南宋人更堅定的認為「天生胡漢異族類」，是以針對「胡恩」問題的爭議主要皆起於南渡以後；反觀〈明妃曲〉問世之際，唱和群體中如曾鞏、孔平仲等人都或隱或顯呼應「胡恩深」之說，兩者可謂大相逕庭。因此，在觀念差異之下，對比於北宋尚且以「匈奴」、「單于」稱呼北方的「他者」，南宋人更進一步將異族斥為禽獸、豺狼，而有「狼子野心何可憑」之語，以貶抑「他者」為基調。綜上所述，從歐陽修等人唱和〈明妃曲〉時並未有微詞可知，時人對「胡優於漢」之說實仍保有相當程度的包容；但隨著靖康之禍爆發、士大夫對異族的仇恨日深，這樣的作品遂再也不可見。因此，本文對兩宋「昭君」詩的研究實可視為「以小見大」的重要節點，除了見得兩宋詩人如何為此一漸趨「熟爛」的主題注入活水外，更能從中觀察兩宋士大夫「華夷」觀念的變遷與轉化，從而更完善「宋代昭君詩」的整體風貌。

This study explores the heightened Southern Song interest in Zhaojun(昭君)-themed poetry, and links it to shifting Sino-barbarian ideologies. Unlike Northern Song figures like Wang Anshi(王安石), who acknowledged the notion of“Hu’s deeper kindness(胡恩深)”, Southern Song poets vehemently rejected this view, instead framing Hu-Han relations as an irreconcilable racial divide. Post-Jingkang(靖康), Northern references like“Xiongnu(匈奴)”gave way to dehumanizing rhetoric (“wolves,”“beasts”), reflecting hardened ethnic hostility. While Northern Song responses to Wang’s Song of Mingfei (明妃曲) tolerated“Hu superiority,”Southern works erased such ambiguity. This evolution demonstrates how political trauma reshaped literary treatments of a long-standing and“hackneyed”theme, offering a microcosm of elite identity formation in the Song dynasty