論日語母語者的華語發音偏誤——從對比語言學的觀點

On Mandarin Chinese Pronunciation Errors of Japanese Native Speakers——from the Perspective of Contrastive Linguistics

日語及華語在發音體系上有相當的差異，因此當日語母語者學習華語的發音時，容易產生偏誤。從音段成分來看，日語元音及輔音的音位系統、音節構造較為簡單，華語的元音及輔音便相對顯得複雜，因此一般以日語為母語的華語學習者不容易確切掌握華語的音位及音節，從而影響語意的判斷。這是音段層面的問題。另外從超音段成分來看，日語屬於非聲調語言，華語則屬於聲調語言。日語的詞彙超音段為單一詞彙內部的音高變化（即音高重音），華語的詞彙超音段則為一個音節內部的頻率變化（即聲調）。由此可知，日華兩語的詞彙在超音段表現上有相當大的不同。本文從音段與超音段對比華語及日語，音段方面涵蓋元音及輔音，超音段方面則關注聲調及重音，並具體指出日語母語者偏誤形成的原因。此外，本文經由以上的語言對比，提出具體的教學方法，可供教學現場參考。

There are considerable differences in the pronunciation systems between Japanese and Mandarin Chinese. Therefore, when Japanese native speakers learn the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese, they are prone to errors. From the perspective of segmental components, the phoneme system and syllable structure of Japanese vowels and consonants are relatively simple, while the vowels and consonants of Mandarin Chinese are relatively complex. Therefore, it is generally difficult for the learners whose native language is Japanese to accurately grasp the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese, which affects semantic judgment. The issue is related to the segmental level. In addition, from the perspective of suprasegmental components, Japanese is a non-tonal language, while Chinese is a tonal language. Japanese lexical suprasegmental elements are the ups and downs of the pitches within the syllables, which are pitch accents. Mandarin Chinese lexical suprasegmental elements are the changes of the voice frequency within the monosyllables, which are so-called tones. In other words, considerable differences exist in the suprasegmental expressions of Japanese and Mandarin Chinese vocabulary. The article intends to analyse the errors that Japanese native speakers tend to make when learning Mandarin Chinese pronunciation from the perspective of contrastive linguistics. This article contrasts Chinese and Japanese from the perspective of segmental and super-segmental aspects. The segmental aspect includes vowels and consonants, while the super-segmental aspect focuses on tone and accent, and this study specifically points out the reasons for the errors of Japanese native speakers. In addition, this article also proposes specific teaching guidance methods through the above language contrast and provides specific references for the teaching site.