評析從都柏林體系到CEAS三階段所面臨之改革挑戰、有效性與未來前景

An Analysis of the Reform Challenges, Effectiveness, and Future Prospects from the Dublin System to the Three Phases of the Common European Asylum System

本研究評析歐洲共同庇護制度（CEAS）從都柏林體系至三階段改革的演進歷程、執行成效與結構性挑戰。歐盟自冷戰後逐步建立統一庇護規範，從1990年《都柏林公約》的政府間協商，發展至超國家層級的協調機制，然而持續面臨「超國家規範」與「成員國主權」、「邊境管控」與「人權保障」等多重政策目標的根本性衝突。研究透過法制途徑與政策評估方法，系統地分析CEAS三階段改革：第一階段（1999-2005）建立最低標準；第二階段（2005-2013）強化制度與初步協調；第三階段（2013-2020）嘗試強制協調。結果顯示，儘管法律協調逐步深化，但責任分攤的地理失衡、行政程序效率低落、成員國政治抵制等問題持續存在。而2015年難民危機更暴露了制度性的崩潰，促使歐盟提出2020年《新移民與庇護公約》，引入彈性團結機制與邊境程序改革。研究指出，CEAS的未來取決於如何調和「主權讓渡的邊界」與「團結義務的強度」，以突破「立法進展與執行落差並存」的結構性悖論。

This study analyzes the evolution, reform challenges, effectiveness, and future prospects of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) from the Dublin system through its three developmental phases. It examines how the EU has gradually established a unified asylum framework since the post-Cold War era, evolving from the intergovernmental 1990 Dublin Convention to a supranational coordination mechanism. Despite this progression, CEAS continues to face fundamental conflicts between“supranational norms”and“member state sovereignty,”“border control”and“human rights protection,”and“responsibility-sharing”and“solidarity principles.”Through legal approach and policy evaluation methods, this research systematically examines the three phases of CEAS reforms. The findings reveal that despite deepening legal harmonization, structural problems persist, including geographical imbalance in responsibility-sharing, inefficient administrative procedures, and political resistance from member states.