《左傳》與《國語》晉國「師保」類之職官考論

An Inquiry into the“Tutor-Guardian”Offices of Jin in the Zuo Zhuan and Guo Yu

本文論《左傳》與《國語》所記春秋晉國師保類職官之議題，經梳理知大子申生、公子奚齊、公子卓子，晉襄公、晉靈公與晉平公尚是大子時皆有師保。依二書所載，晉國唯大子有師保。此制肇因於晉獻公夫人驪姬之亂影響，僅留大子於晉，其他公子分遣他國，避免干擾大子即位與卿大夫之政爭。大傅與大師執掌國法與禮刑之由，係因師保本熟悉教育大子之相關知識，其中多涉及法令與禮樂。且大子之師保多具正直之性，新君常命其師保任大傅與大師，執掌國法與禮刑。二書錄春秋卿大夫子弟有師保之例見三，晉卿年少時未有師保之例乃二。春秋卿大夫之繼承人曰孺子，師保之訓誨非獨厚孺子，族內子弟皆可受師保之教導。

This article examines the offices belonging to the“tutor-guardian”(師保) category in the state of Jin as recorded in the Zuo Zhuan and Guo Yu. A systematic survey of these texts shows that Crown Prince Shensheng, Prince Xiqi, Prince Zhuozi, and the future Dukes Xiang, Ling, and Ping of Jin all had appointed tutors and guardians while still crown princes. According to the two works, only the heir apparent of Jin possessed such officers. This institutional arrangement arose from the succession turmoil caused by Lady Li Ji, consort of Duke Xian of Jin. In response, only the crown prince was kept in Jin, while the other princes were dispatched to foreign states, thereby preventing interference with succession and factional competition among high ministers. Because tutors and guardians were well versed in the bodies of knowledge required for educating the crown prince, particularly law, ritual norms, and musical propriety, they were often promoted after the prince’s accession to positions such as Grand Instructor or Grand Preceptor, with authority over state law and ritual-penal affairs.