北宋熙寧年間的二程學術關係網絡：家族婚姻與政治學術同道的交織

The Scholarly Networks of the Cheng Brothers During the Xining Era: Intersections of Kinship, Marriage, Politics, and Academic Collaboration

本文探討熙寧年間（1068-1077）二程的學術關係網絡的組成與群體特質，並強調家族與婚姻關係在學術網絡形成過程中的關鍵作用。研究顯示，二程的學術網絡主要由三大核心群體構成：東萊呂氏、真定韓氏及以張載為代表的西北士人。這些群體早在二程成學、開門授徒之前，便已透過血緣與婚姻建立緊密聯繫，並進一步透過薦舉、交遊與學術交流深化關係。此外，這些網絡成員在政治立場上大多與二程保持一致，特別是在熙寧五年（1072）前後，因反對王安石變法而選擇退居洛陽，逐步形成與新學抗衡的學術團體。
過往研究多聚焦於二程與個別名士大夫如司馬光（1019-1086）、邵雍（1011-1077）的交遊，或從「舊黨」視角理解其學術群體，主要說法有二：一是認為這些人由階級利益主導，形成以捍衛豪族士大夫階級利益為中心的舊黨；二是主張為了對抗王安石的新學、新法，企圖以自身的道德與文化力量來制衡政治權力。然而，這些研究往往忽略了二程與其學術同道在熙寧年間之前便已存在的家族與婚姻聯繫。本文認為，這類社會結構性因素為後來的政治與學術結盟提供了初始基礎，而非變法對立之後才開始形成。透過重新檢視二程學術網絡的家族與婚姻關係，本研究旨在提供更細緻的家族史、社會史視角，進一步補充既有研究對於「舊黨」與洛學早期形成過程的理解。

This article aims to analyze the composition and group characteristics of the Neo-Confucian network of the Cheng brothers程顥程頤(1032-1085, 1033-1107) during the Xining熙寧period (1068-1077). It first identifies three core components of this academic network: the Lüclan from Donglai東萊呂氏, the Han clan from Zhendian真定韓氏, and the northwestern scholar-official group represented by Zhang Zai張載(1020-1077). These groups were closely linked through blood ties and marital connections, forming a stable network further reinforced through recommendations, social interactions, and scholarly exchanges. Moreover, these network members demonstrated a high degree of alignment with the Cheng brothers in their political stances, particularly in their shared shift from initially supporting Wang Anshi’s王安石(1021-1086) reforms to later opposing them. Around the fifth year of Xining (1072)熙寧五年, many of these individuals chose to retreat to Luoyang, forming an academic community that subtly opposed Wang Anshi’s New Learning新學.
Previous studies have primarily focused on the Cheng brothers’interactions with individual literati such as Sima Guang司馬光(1019-1086) and Shao Yong邵雍(1011-1077) or have analyzed their intellectual network from the perspective of the so-called“Old Party”舊黨. There are two predominant scholarly interpretations: one argues that this group was driven by class interests, forming a political faction centered on defending the privileges of aristocratic scholar-officials; the other contends that these individuals sought to counter Wang Anshi’s New Learning新學and New Policies新法by exerting their own moral and cultural influence as a counterbalance to political power. However, these interpretations often overlook the kinship and marriage ties that had already existed among the Cheng brothers and their intellectual associates before the Xining era. This study argues that such social-structural factors provided the initial foundation for subsequent political and academic alliances, rather than emerging only as a reaction to factional conflicts during the reform period. By re-examining the kinship and marriage relationships within the Cheng brothers’intellectual network, this study aims to introduce a more nuanced perspective from family and social history, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the early formation of the“Old Party”and the Luoyang School洛學.