漢代西南邊境「初郡」的建置與職能演變——以犍為郡為中心的考察

The Establishment and Functional Evolution of the First Prefecture along the South-West Border During the Han Period: On the Case of Jian-Wei Prefecture

犍為郡在設置之初，被視作主理西南夷事的「初郡」之一。然而後來卻被視為被帝國文化認可的「士大夫之郡」，也包含在「漢徵八士，蜀有四焉」的「三蜀」之一。其中是什麼歷史發展造就犍為郡前後的變化？本文從犍為郡的設置、郡治的遷移，探討犍為郡在兩漢時期的職能演變。首先辨析犍為郡與廣漢郡的設置時間，應在武帝元光元年至三年間（134-132 B.C.E.），目的是為了徵集巴蜀地區資源經略西南夷地區與處理西南夷事務。其後漢朝征服西南夷地，犍為郡卻仍保留山區初縣，這或與漢朝通過犍為郡掌握與南夷地區的交通路線有關。隨著武帝時期郡縣在行政層面上下統屬的關係深化，郡治也從位處西南夷地的高原地帶轉移到盆地中，在職能與空間上均呈現「內郡化」趨向，逐漸呈現出與其他「初郡」相區別的性質。在郡境南方的非漢族群居住區，本設有都尉主責此地事務。隨著郡治內遷、犍為郡成為主要的行政層級後，都尉亦轉為專責非漢族群的部都尉，安帝時更改制為屬國，通過空間劃分確立犍為郡的職能分化。

When the Jian-Wei犍為Prefecture was established, it was positioned as one of the“first prefectures初郡”responsible for dealing with the West-South Yi西南夷. However, Jian-Wei Prefecture was later be positioned as the“prefecture of scholar-officials士大夫,”and also one of“three Shu”, made famous in the saying“the Han picks eight officials, four of them from Shu”. What historical development transformed the role of the Jian-wei over the course of the period from its establishment to the Eastern Han? This article focuses on the establishment and the movement of the capital of the prefecture and discusses the functional evolution of the Jian-Wei prefecture during Two-Han period. This article first argues that the establishment of the Jian -Wei Prefecture and Guan-Han廣漢Prefecture should be fixed at 134 to 132 B.C.E. The purpose of mobilizing these resources was to collect the resources in the Ba-Shu巴蜀area for managing the area of West-South Yi. After Han conquered the West-South Yi region, Jian-Wei prefecture still governed several“first counties初縣”, possibly due to the Han dynasty's control over the transportation routes to the West-South Yi region. With the deepening hierarchical administrative relationship of prefectures and counties during the reign of Emperor Wu漢武帝, the prefectural government moved from the highlands of the southwestern barbarian lands to the basin, exhibiting a trend towards“prefecture internalization”in both function and space, gradually displaying characteristics distinct from other“initial prefectures.”In the southern non-Han inhabited areas of the prefecture, there was originally a Du-Wei都尉responsible for local affairs. As the prefectural government moved inward and Jian-Wei Prefecture became the primary administrative level, the Du-Wei's role shifted to Bu-Du-Wei部都尉specifically responsible for non-Han ethnic groups. During the reign of Emperor An漢安帝, it was further restructured into a special administrative unit called Shu-Guo屬國, establishing the functional differentiation of Jian-Wei Prefecture through spatial division.