學習成就、國民所得、研發支出與國家競爭力關聯的探索

Exploration of the Relationship among Learning Achievement, Per Capita Income, Research and Development Expenditures and National Competitivenes

本研究探討各國的學習成就、國民所得、研發支出占國內生產毛額比率和國家競爭力的關聯性，進而分析臺灣在上述變項與國家競爭力的發展水準。本研究從世界經濟論壇（World Economic Forum, WEF）及國際學生成就評量計畫（Programme for International Student Assessment, PISA）取得66個國家資料，透過迴歸分析的逐步法探究，獲得以下結論：各國的學習成就、國民所得、研發支出占國內生產毛額比率和國家競爭力有顯著正向關聯；其中，學生的數學、科學、閱讀及平均學習成就對於國家競爭力解釋力在60.9%～63.0%；在控制學習成就之後，國民所得對於國家競爭力指數解釋力在15.8%～17.7%；若控制學習成就與國民所得之後，研發支出占國內生產毛額比率對國家競爭力指數解釋力在7.4%～8.4%之間。依臺灣學習成就及國民所得的條件，國家競爭力指數高於世界平均水準，但若按研發支出占國內生產毛額比率的條件，國家競爭力指數則低於世界平均水準。本研究貢獻在於發現，PISA的學習成就對於國家競爭力指數有超過60%的預測力，這對各國未來人力素質之提升指引了具體方向，文末並針對結論提出具體建議。

This research explored the relationship among learning achievements, per capita income, the ratio of research and development expenditures to gross national production (GDP), and national competitiveness, as well as understanding Taiwan's development level in the above variables and national competitiveness. This study obtained 66 countries' data from the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Through the step-by-step method of regression analysis, the following conclusions were obtained: Country's learning achievement, per capita income, research and development expenditure as a percentage of GDP were significant positive correlation with national competitiveness respectively. Among them, students' mathematics, science, reading and average learning achievements explained range 60.9% to 63.0% of national competitiveness; while controlling for learning achievements, the explanatory power of per capita income for the national competitiveness index was range 15.8% to 17.7%. If learning achievement and per capita income were controlled, the explanatory power of the ratio of research and development expenditure to GDP on to the national competitiveness index was between 7.4% and 8.4%. Taiwan's national competitiveness index was higher than the world average under the conditions of its learning achievements and per capita income. However, under the condition of its research and development expenditure as a percentage of GDP, the national competitiveness index was lower than the world average. The contribution of this research lied in the discovery that the learning achievement assessed by international students had more than 60% predictive power for the national competitiveness index, which guided specific directions for the future improvement of the quality of human capital in countries. There were in-depth discussions on the conclusions and specific suggestions were made.