元詩中的詐馬宴書寫

Zhama Banquets in Yuan Poetry

詐馬宴是蒙元帝國最重要的宮廷盛宴，也是元代文學極具時代特色的書寫主題。目前詐馬宴的相關研究多將文學作品視為佐證的史料，還沒有人對詩歌進行深入細緻的分析。事實上，從文學的視角思考詐馬宴詩文的傳播狀況及其生發動力，有助於理解這些文本的特殊性，即宮廷是這一文學主題最主要的生產中心，其始終未能擴展到宮廷之外的其他文人群體。至於作為主題的詐馬宴，在大蒙古國時期就已出現雛形，隨著忽必烈奪得大汗之位，並成為中原帝王，詐馬宴開始被納入新王朝的宮廷儀制中，確立了宣讀大札撒、宮廷宴飲及餘興節目等要件，儀典才漸趨完備，但它完全不屬於中原王朝儀式的範疇與概念，本質上詐馬宴就是宣揚草原文化征服與掠奪的盛大儀式。元詩將之納入漢語的表義系統，主要特色有四：一是藉頌美之詞表達社交禮儀，二是以類比手法淡化異質色彩，三是用物質奇觀展示帝王權力，四是以詩歌塑造想像中的盛世。

Zha-ma banquets, which were political banquets held by the Mongol Empire, are a common historical theme in Yuan literature. Previous studies on Zha-ma banquets have only considered Yuan poetry as a historical reference when discussing the format and characteristics of these banquets. By contrast, this study provides close analysis of Yuan poetry's literary treatment of Zha-ma banquets.Given that Zha-ma banquets were political banquets that were heavily influenced by Mongolian culture and held inside shira ordos (i.e., Mongolian yurt tents) at Shangdu, banquet participants were required to wear Zhisunfu garments bestowed by the emperor. The meals served at these banquets consisted of Kumiss and Mutton. Before the start of each Zha-ma banquet, banquet participants were required to read out the old doctrine. As a result, Yuan poets who used poetry as a medium to record knowledge and details relating to Zha-ma banquets were required to include content on the then-public traditional literature in their poems. However, how Yuan poets employed Han poetry–specific vocabulary to compose poems on topics unrelated to Han culture, how they connected Zha-ma banquets with the order of the monarchy and the dynasty, and whether the writings on Zha-ma banquets featured in Yuan poetry consisted of a fixed descriptive model warrant further exploration. By contemplating and responding to these concerns, this study deepens the literature on Zha-ma banquets and clarifies how writings on topics unrelated to Han culture are included in the systems of signification in Han poetry.