傳說被建構成「歷史」：以汶萊的「中國公主」與「Ong Sum Ping」傳說為例

Legends were Constructed as“History”: A Case Study of Brunei’s“Chinese Princess”and“Ong Sum Ping”Legends

在汶萊早期歷史敘述中，有「蘇丹娶中國國王親戚」的說法，最初見於一份一五九○年的西班牙手稿。此外，在十八至二十世紀初的數份《汶萊王室世系書》中，也有「蘇丹娶中國國王親戚」和「Ong Sum Ping娶蘇丹之女並繼位為蘇丹」的傳說。自一八八○年英國學者羅歐有關《世系書》的文章問世，開始有學者關注汶萊蘇丹譜系裡的中國血統傳承，而最早提及Ong Sum Ping的中國學者溫雄飛將其譯為「黃森屏」，認為真有其人。然而，中國史書並無相關記載，過往學者也只能憑藉有限史料進行合理推測，是否真有其人其事，至今仍無定論。儘管如此，當代一些汶萊學者與官方依然認定上述兩人是「中國皇帝的親戚」，稱該女為「公主」。在民間，Ong Sum Ping的身世傳聞眾多，真偽莫辨，更有黃氏後人硬把「黃森屏」納入其家族譜系中。文章暫且擱置是否真有其人、傳說抑或史實等問題，關注於傳說故事的產生、流傳、演變過程，並探討各個時代不同背景與立場的故事講述者的敘述動機，以及其在近當代被建構為「歷史」的現象。

In the early historical narrative of Brunei, there is a saying that“the Sultan married a relative of the king of China,”which was first seen in a 1590 Spanish manuscript. In addition, in several versions of“Silsilah Raja-raja Brunei”from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, there are also legends of“The Sultan married a relatives of the Chinese King”and“Ong Sum Ping married the daughter of the Sultan and succeeded to the throne”. Since the publication of the British scholar Hugh Low’s article on“Silsilah Raja-raja Brunei”in 1880, scholars began to pay attention to the inheritance of Chinese ancestry in the Brunei Sultan's lineage. Wen Xiongfei, the Chinese scholar who first mentioned Ong Sum Ping, translated it as“Huang Senping”and believed that he really existed. However, there is no relevant record in Chinese historical materials, and scholars in the past can only make reasonable speculations based on limited historical materials, and whether there is really such a thing is still inconclusive. Nevertheless, some contemporary Brunei scholars and officials still believe that the above two persons are“relatives of the Chinese emperor”and regard the Chinese woman married by the Sultan as“princess”. Among the people, there are many rumours about the origin of Ong Sum Ping, and it is difficult to verify the information. There are also descendants of the Huang family who insisted on including“Huang Senping”in their family pedigree. This article puts aside the question of whether there is a real person in history, whether it is a legend or historical fact, etc. The research focuses on the fabrication, spread, and evolution of legendary stories, and examines them with Chinese historical data to find out their“historical prototypes”. In addition, it explores the narrative motivations of storytellers with different backgrounds and positions in different eras, and the phenomenon that they have been constructed as“historical”in modern and contemporary times.