大亞洲主義與孫中山對東亞秩序的想像：以文化主義為視角

Sun Yat-sen’s Pan-Asianism and His Imaginations of the Eastern Asian Orders: A Study Based on Chinese Traditional Culturalism

本文以文化建構論重探孫中山的「民族主義」理論與「大亞洲主義」，並探討孫中山基於傳統文化主義下對於當代東亞秩序的想像。雖然孫中山在「民族主義」的系列演講中強調國族成立的根基條件，但是當他提出要模仿美國國族發展的經驗、以漢族為主體進行國族同化的主張時，實有以文化條件想像國族的文化建構論本質。這樣的文化建構論因子也反映在「大亞洲主義上」。
「大亞洲主義」是孫中山以其中國國族建構概念再具體推廣至更大範圍的亞洲，以中國同日本的相互提攜為區域的政治和文化中心，共同領導東亞、乃至於整個亞洲族群於「王道文化」的基礎下進行聯合。至於所謂的「王道」，就是中國傳統的文化主義或天下觀點下去定義與維持整體秩序的道德典範，而文化主義以中心優越、且由內而外所推陳的同心圓階層結構，既是傳統中國社會解釋政治秩序與族群區辨的框架，也是認識論的基礎。孫中山思考革命目標與東亞秩序的方法，顯然受此認識論浸潤，而他對東亞秩序的想像，也接近於過去「天下」的圖像。

Through the cultural constructivism this paper discusses Sun Yat-sen’s theories about nationalism and Pan-Asianism. His idea, advocating that the Chinese should imitate the American way of forming the US nation, revealed some factors of the cultural culturalism, according which the nations were invented or imagined. The same factors were witnessed in his Pan-Asianism. In other words, when he suggested a union of the Asian peoples Sun Yat-sen applied a similar model of integrating Chinese nation-state. Such model was the Wangdao, the kings’way. Waogdao implied that a centric nation, basing on Confucian moral disciplines, should help and support those peripheral weak peoples but not suppress them. Nonetheless, Wandao was the reflection of Chinese traditional culturalism which was a hierarchical framework for the traditional Chinese to imagine the world order. Exactly, Sun Yat-sen’s imaginations of the Eastern Asian orders, which could be traced in his Pan-Asianism, were influenced by the epistemology of traditional culturalism.