利他動機類型影響社會企業選擇及管理模式之研究

The Effects of Altruistic Motivation Type on the Decision-making and Management Models of Social Enterprises

相較於社會企業如何管理的諸多議題，過去少有針對社會企業家個體的動機進行研究，在直覺式地將「利他」假定為社會企業家的動機後，便直接進入管理策略的研究，通常將這兩者間的關係視為「不驗自明」的存在。也因此，這也就形成了一個需要實證研究的缺口。本文經過對動物保護領域的社會企業所進行的實證調查發現，利他動機不應當被視為一種「先驗」且「單一」的元素，反而可根據其超越性區分為「利人類」、「利動物」以及「利生態」的不同類型。
這些不同類型的動機，會更進一步影響社會企業家進入社會企業前的職業選擇、投入社會企業時的經營管理模式（包括遠景設定、利潤來源、利害關係人認定、學習活動以及內部活動），以及投入社會企業之後所遭遇的困境及解決方案。本文的研究認為，當管理者了解箇中差異後，將能夠針對差異的社會企業，發展更健全的經營策略；政府也更能根據多元的類型，為迥異的社會企業，提供不同的政策輔導方案。

Compared with the research on the management of social enterprises, those on the motivations of individual social entrepreneurs have been scant. Most researchers instinctively assume social entrepreneurs act on altruistic motivations and engage in the research of management strategies without giving this assumption a second thought. In other words, the relationship between altruism and social entrepreneurship is considered self-evident. This results in a gap that calls for empirical evidence.
The present study conducted an empirical investigation on social enterprises in the field of animal protection and concluded that altruistic motivations shall not be viewed as a singular and a priori element. Rather, altruistic motivations could be divided into human-oriented, animal-oriented, and environment-oriented types according to their degree of transcendence. In turn, the type of altruistic motivation affected social entrepreneurs’job choice before they engaged in social entrepreneurship; the business or management model they chose for their social enterprises, including corporate vision, source of profit, stakeholder identification, learning activities, and internal activities; and the challenges their social enterprises encountered and their choice of coping strategies. Insight into the difference in motivation types shall help executives of social enterprises develop business strategies more comprehensively. Moreover, it shall help government agencies customize adequate policies and support measures for social enterprises acting on different types of altruistic motivation.