日本地方自治體制的根本性變革：地方分權與地域主權改革過程之研究

The Fundamental Reformation of Japanese Local Autonomy System: the Research on the Reformed Process of the Decentralization and Regional Sovereignty

1946年日本國憲法制定公布之後，隔年根據憲法制定的地方自治法亦隨之公告，依法施行的地方自治事務正式啟動。然而，此階段的地方分權‧地方自治之重點，是以中央政府委任的「地方治理行政」為主，而非地方自主的「地方自治行政」。中央政府經由「機關委任事務」與「財源」的制約，控管了地方自治的運作，以致有了「三成自治」的譏諷。 本文主要的研究方法除了文獻分析法之外，也運用了政治過程理論，尤其是運用政治過程論所指摘的政治機會、動員結構、框架過程等的關鍵因素指標來進行研究分析。研究的目的則在於解析日本形成「三成自治」結構的問題及原因所在；進而探究近年來得以排除萬難，解構「三成自治」，將中央集權體制轉換成與地方對等合作關係的法制結構，讓地方分權乃至地域主權等地方自治制度獲致根本性變革的要因、過程與成果，並據此找出地方分權終於得以落實的關鍵因素等。 根據研究結果得知，日本地方自治改革成功的過程與成功的要因中，在政黨競爭、政權更迭的機會下，整合專家專項需求調查與研究的智慧系統、籌備期與發展期所需的法系統，以及中央與地方首長對口協成的首長組織系統。三大系統架構出地方分權與地域主權改革運作的雄厚基盤，為其得以長期運作、達致目標的要件。

After the Constitution of Japan promulgated in 1946, the Local Autonomy Law was announced and put into effect in the following year. However, the local autonomy was not emphasized at that time. Instead, through the restriction of “Organization Appointed Affairs” and “Financial Resources,” the central government controlled the local government as “Local Governance Administration” not as “Local Autonomous Administration,” which was once ridiculed as “30 % Local Autonomy.” In addition to the method of documentary analysis, this paper also applied political process theory. It especially used the political opportunities, motivation structure and framing process to conduct the research and analyzing. The purpose of this research is to examine the problems and reasons for the condition of “30 % Local Autonomy.” Furthermore, it explored the important process and factors that transformed the centralization system into decentralization system in the recent years. According to the research result, under the opportunity of the competition of the political parties and the regime change, the crucial factors for the successful process of the local autonomy reformation in Japan include: 1.Smart system which integrating the investigation and research from the experts in their specialized fields. 2.The law system which was needed during the preparing period and the developing period. 3.The organization system that includes the independent operations and the cooperation of the central governors and the local entity governors. These three systems became the crucial factors to create the solid foundation for the long term reforming operation in order to achieve the goal of the decentralization and regional sovereignty.